Respiratory System

Three Major Steps of Respiration

1. Moving air in and out of lungs

2. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

3. Gas exchange between blood and cells

1. Pulmonary Ventilation

2. External Respiration

3. Internal Respiration

1. Upper respiratory system organs

2. Lower respiratory system organs

1. Nose and Pharynx

2. Trachea, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs

__________ refers to All airways that carry air to lungs

Conducting zones

Organs of the conducting zones include

Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Sites within lungs where gas exchange occurs

Respiratory zone

Parts of the respiratory zone

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

divides nose into two sides

Nasal Septum

structure of the nose covered by mucous membrane

Nasal Conchae

Functions to warm, humidify, filter/trap dust and microbes. This is done through the mucus and cilia of epithelial cells lining.

Nose

This part of the reparatory system detect olfactory stimuli and Modify vocal sounds

Nose

Known as the “throat”

Pharynx

Three regions of the pharynx

1. Upper region: posterior to the nose, adenoids, and openings of the auditory (Eustachian) tubes

2. Middle; posterior to the mouth, palatine and lingual tonsils are here

3. Lower Connects with both the esophagus and the larynx: food and air

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngeal Pharynx

Known as the voice box

Larynx

Parts near the larynx

1. V-shaped. Projects more anteriorly in males, Vocal cords “strung” here (and to arytenoids).

2. leaf-shaped piece; covers the airway. During swallowing, the larynx moves up so the ______ covers the opening into the trachea's

3. inferior-most portion

4. (paired, small), superior to the cricoid

A. Cricoid Cartilage
B. Thyroid Cartilage
C. Arytenoid
D. Eppiglotis

1. Thyroid cartilage, Adam’s apple

2. Eppiglotis

3. Cricoid Carillage

4. Arytenoids

Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of folds. The upper __________ and the lower __________

False and true vocal cords

Contains elastic ligaments that when pulled by the muscles, creates sounds through vibrations

True vocal cords

Lower pitch of male voice ❑ Vocal cords are ___ and _____; vibrate more slowly

longer and thicker

Known as the windpipe

Trachea

Anterior to esophagus and thoracic vertebrae. Extends from end of larynx to primary bronchi

Trachea

opening in trachea for tube

Tracheostomy

1. The structure of the bronchi contains _________

2. ________ enters the lungs medially

3. Secondary bronchi are seen on both sides of the lungs, ______ in the right and ______ in the left

4. ________ contains terminal bronchioles at its ends

5. Sequence of the branching of the bronchial tree

1. cartilage rings

2. Primary bronchi

3. 3 and 2

4. Tertiary Bronchi

5. Trachea, Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

1. Have less cartilage, more smooth muscle. In asthma, these airways can close

2. The body has ______ lung sacs. It has 5 lobes in total, _______ in the right and _______ in the left

1. Bronchioles

2. 2; 3, 2

1. Lungs are surrounded by ____________

2. Broad bottom of lungs

3. pointy top

1. pleural membrane

2. Base

3. Apex

Cup-shaped outpouchings of alveolar sacs

Alveoli

Three types of Alveoli cells

1. Lined with thin ________(simple squamous); sites of gas exchange

2. Lowers surface tension (keeps alveoli from collapsing). Humidifies (keeps alveoli from drying out)

3. Cleaners of the alveoli

1. Alveolar cells

2. Surfactant-secreting cells

3. Alveolar Macrophages

Gases diffuse across these thin epithelial layers (air to blood) in what part of the alveoli

Alveolar capillaries

Microscopic airways

Terminal Bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

1. In inhalation, the diaphragm _________ while the lung volume _______

2. In exhalation, the diaphragm _________ while the lung volume

3. The process of exhaling purposely is called

1. contracts; increases

2. relaxes; decreases

3. Active exhalation

1. When inhaling, if the lung volume goes up, alveolar pressure goes ________

2. What causes air to flow into the lungs during inspiration

   A. Decrease in intrapulmonary pressure

   B. Increase in alveolar pressure

   C. Constriction of the bronchi

   D. Contraction of the abdominal muscles

3. The normal number of breaths per minute is _____

4. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

1. down

2. A.

3. 12

4. Tidal volume

1. Normal amount of tidal inhalation

2. About _____ of TV reaches alveoli (350 ml)

3. ______ are lost in airways = anatomic dead space

1. 500 ml

2. 70%

3. 30%

1. Lung volumes are measured using ___________

2. The extra amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal breath, after reaching the end of a normal inspiration

3. Volume of air that can be exhaled beyond TV

4. Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration

1. Spirometer

2. Inspiratory reserve volume

3. Expiratory reserve volume

4. Residual volume

1. Which term refers to the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation?

2. The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, passive exhalation, or the point where the elastic recoil of the lungs balances the outward expansion of the chest wall

3. the maximum amount of air a person can inhale after a normal exhalation.

4. the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.

A. Functional residual capacity

B. Total Lung Capacity

C. Inspiratory Capacity

D. Vital Capacity

1. Vital capacity

2. Functional residual capacity

3. Inspiratory capacity

4. Total Lung Capacity

1. Refers to normal breathing

2. Type of breathing that is shallow with rib movements

3. deep breathing

1. Eupnea

2. Costal breathing

3. Diaphragmatic breathing