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Intelligence
“the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations”
Ex: someone who has learned 3 different languages
general intelligence (g)-
“According to Charles Spearman and others, general intelligence, or “g”, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
He noted that those who score high in one area, such as verbal intelligence, typically score higher than average in other areas, such as spatial or reasoning ability.
Believed people often have special, outstanding abilities, or “s” as well.”
Ex: someone who excels in many different academic fields- possible shown through MCAS
factor analysis
“A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score”
Ex: those who took a test usually did well in problem solving if they also scored well in math
savant syndrome
“a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing”
EX: someone who struggles with communication my be an expert in guitar
emotional intelligence
“the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions”
Ex: a friend that can mediate conflict with others and understand their feelings as well as others
achievement test
“intended to reflect what you have learned”
Ex: finals
aptitude test
“intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill.”
Ex: career typing test
intelligence quotient (IQ)
“From such tests, German psychologist William Stern derived the famous term intelligence quotient, or IQ. The IQ was simply a person’s mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 to get rid of the decimal point.”
Ex: measures many things, ex is processing speed
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
“designed to measure intelligence and cognitive abilities in adults and older adolescents
Recognizing similarities
Vocabulary
Letter-number sequencing”
Ex: block design test
standardization
“To make scores meaningful they are compared to a pretested sample population.”
Ex: SAT
Flynn Effect
“It turns out that intelligence test performance has improved.”
This worldwide phenomenon is called the Flynn effect, in honor of New Zealand researcher James Flynn who first calculated its magnitude
Ex: continuos improvement on IQ tests over time
normal curve
“If a graph is constructed of test-takers’ scores, the scores typically form a bell-shaped pattern called the bell curve, or normal curve.”
Ex: Most people will fall in the normal curve on height scale whereas, some are outliers (really tall, really short)
reliability
“The test gives consistent scores no matter who takes it or when they take the test.”
Ex: thermometer
validity
“The test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.”
Ex: the ap exam tests the students readiness for college course
content validity
“the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest”
Ex: the ap psych exam after learning the material
predictive validity
“the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict”
Ex: GPA predicts readiness of students to perform in college
crystallized intelligence
“our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age”
Ex: knowing how to solve different math problems
fluid intelligence
“our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood”
Ex: solving jigsaw puzzle
stereotype threat
“Refers to the risk of confirming stereotypes about an individual's race, ethnicity, gender, or cultural group which can reduce academic focus and performance”
Ex: women being told they will not perform well during the fitness test so they get nervous and do not do as well
Charles Spearman
“work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also did seminal work on human intelligence”
Ex: g factor
One factor influences others
Robert Sternberg
“developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don't identify. The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test measures not only traditional intelligence abilities but analytic, synthetic, automatization and practical abilities as well.”
triarchic theory of intelligence
Ex: solving a math
Lewis Terman
“Revised Binet-Simon intelligence test, became Stanford Binet intelligence scale”
Ex: “Genetic studies of genius”- tracking children's achievements
L.L Thurstone
“Gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)”.
Ex: categories of intelligence can be separated
Francis Galton
“was fascinated with measuring human traits.
First cousin to Charles Darwin
Galton wondered if it might be possible to measure “natural ability” and to encourage those of high ability to mate with one another.”
Ex: study of human intelligence and eugenics - conducted studies
David Wechsler
“He developed well-known intelligence scales, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)”
Ex: using puzzles to measure on the scale
Howard Gardner
Multiple intelligence’s
Ex: someone who is good at many different sorts of activities
Alfred Binet
“French psychologist Alfred Binet was commissioned by the French government to design fair and unbiased intelligence tests to administer to French schoolchildren.”
Ex: asking child to name objects to determine mental age
