Unit 3 - Module 36 & 26

Language

A system of communication using symbols and rules that allow us to express thoughts, ideas, and emotions

Phonemes

the smallest units of sound and language that can change meaning

Morphemes

the smallest units of meaning in a language

Grammar

The system of rules that governs how words are combined to form sentences

Semantics

the meaning of words in sentences

Syntax

The rules for arranging words into grammatically correct sentences

Cooing

early vowel-like sounds made by infants at around 2 to 4 months

Babbling Stage

Infants begin producing consonant-vowel combinations at 4 to 10 months

One-Word Stage

child speaks mostly in single words that can be whole ideas at around 1 year old

Telegraphic Speech

Two sentences that contain mostly nouns and verbs

Overgeneralization of language rules

applying grammar rules too broadly

Learning

a relatively permanent change in Behavior or knowledge due to experience

Associative Learning

learning that certain events occur together, which is conditioning

Classical Conditioning

learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Unconditioned Response

The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association, triggers a response

Conditioned Response

the Learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that initially does not produce the desired response

Acquisition

The initial learning phase, where the association is formed

Extinction

The weakening of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the US

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause following Extinction

Higher Order Conditioning

A conditioned stimulus is paired with a new unconditioned stimulus, creating a second CS

Stimulus Generalization

responding similarly to stimuli that resembled the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Behaviorism

The View that psychology should focus on observable behaviors and not only mental processes

Little Albert

John B Watson's experiment showed that fear can be classically conditioned in humans

Taste Aversion

A learned avoidance of a food after becoming ill from it, often after just one experience