Intro to Nutrition Chapter 9 Bone Health

what are the 3 steps to bone development?

growth, modeling, remodeling

what are osteoclasts?

cell that erode bone, aka resorption

what are osteoblasts?

cells that lay down a collagen matrix, aka builds bone

what is the bone composition?

65% of tissue is minerals like calcium and phosphorus, 35% is organic substances like collagen

what is collagen?

protein that provides structure in the bones and connective tissue

what is used to measure bone density?

DEXA

what is osteoporosis?

condition where bones become weak and brittle

what are parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?

hormones that regulates blood calcium levels

what is the function of vitamin C?

produce collagen

what is the RDA for collagen?

90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women, smokers need RDA+35

what are good food sources of vitamin C?

fruits and veggies

what condition is caused by vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy, lack of collagen makes bones and tissue weak or destroyed

what are the symptoms of toxicity from vitamin C supplements?

nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds

what is the function of calcium?

supports bone health and structure, 99% of calcium in the body is stored in the hydroxyapatite crystals in bones

what is the RDA for calcium?

1000 mg/day for adults, 1200 mg/day for women 51+ and men 70+

what are good food sources of calcium?

dairy, green leafy veggies, tofu, sardines

what conditions are caused by calcium deficiency?

osteoporosis and hypocalcemia

what are the symptoms of toxicity from calcium supplements?

mineral imbalance

what is the function of phosphorus?

combines and crystalizes with calcium in bones to form hydroxyapatite crystals

what is the RDA for phosphorus?

700 mg/day

what are good food sources of phosphorus?

high protein foods like milk, meat, eggs

what does phosphorus toxicity risk?

premature morality from high intake, muscle spasms and convulsions from high blood levels

what is the function of magnesium?

regulates calcium balance, vitamin D metabolism, and parathyroid hormone

what is caused by magnesium deficiency in blood?

hypomagnesemia

what is caused by magnesium toxicity in blood?

hypermagnesemia

what is the function of fluoride?

strengthen teeth and bones

what is caused by fluoride deficiency?

tooth decay

what is caused by fluoride toxicity?

pitting and staining of teeth

what is the function of vitamin D?

needed for absorption and normal calcification of bone, regulates calcium

what is caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?

Rickets, causes bowed legs and knocked knees

what is caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults?

Osteomalacia, bones are weak and prone to fracture