2-States of Matter and Mixtures

Chlorination

A process used in water treatment where chlorine gas is injected into the water to kill any microbes.

Chromatography

A process used to separate substances in a mixture. Separation of the substance depends on distribution between a mobile phase and a stationary phase.

Crystallisation

A separation technique to obtain soluble solids from solutions. The process involves heating the solution until crystals start to form, leaving the solution to cool and then filtering the formed crystals from the solution.

Filtration

A separation technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a solution.

Fractional Distillation

A process used to separate a mixture of liquids. The liquids have different boilling points so can separated into different fractions within a fractionating column.

Gas

The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.

Ground Water

Water which collects in rocks that then trap the water underground.

Liquid

The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.

Melting Point Data

Data which can be used to evaluate the purity of a substance. A pure substance should have a sharp melting point.

Mixture

Contains at least two different elements or compounds which are not chemically bonded together.

Mobile Phase

The fluid (gas or liquid) which moves through the chromatography system, carrying the mixture which is to be separated.

Paper Chromatography

A type of chromatography which uses paper as the stationary phase and a solvent as the mobile phase. The solvent carries the mixture up the paper where the substances in the mixture then separate, depending on how soluble they are in the mobile phase.

Particle Theory

The theory which models the three states of matter by representing the particles as a small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing.

Potable Water

Water which is safe for humans to drink.

Pure Substance

A pure substance containing only one compound/element with nothing additional.

Rf Values

Value used in chromatography.

Distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent

Sedimentation

A process used in water treatment to remove solids from the water. Suspended solids will fall to the bottom of the container and form a sediment, allowing them to be easily removed.

Simple Distillation

A separation technique used to separate a liquid from a solution. The solution is heated so that only the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates. This gas is then condensed in a condenser before being collected as a liquid.

Solid

The state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least amount of energy.

Sate Symbols

The symbols used in chemical equations to denote the states of the chemicals reacting.

Stationary Phase

The nonmoving phase which the mobile phase passes over during chromatography.

Waste Water

Water from industrial, domestic, agricultural and commercial activity. It requires treatment before it is potable.