BIO175 Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from chapters 1, 2, and 3 of the BIO175 Exam 1 Study Guide.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

Study of how the body works/functions.

Chemical Level

Smallest level of structural organization, composed of atoms and molecules.

Cellular Level

Level of structural organization consisting of cells.

Tissue Level

Level of structural organization consisting of groups of similar cells.

Organ Level

Level of structural organization consisting of two or more tissue types working together.

Organ System Level

Level of structural organization consisting of organs working together.

Organism Level

Highest level of structural organization, representing the entire person.

Integumentary System

Organ system responsible for protection and temperature regulation.

Skeletal System

Organ system responsible for support, protection, and blood cell production.

Muscular System

Organ system responsible for movement and heat production.

Nervous System

Organ system responsible for fast control and communication.

Endocrine System

Organ system responsible for hormonal control.

Cardiovascular System

Organ system that transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients.

Lymphatic/Immune System

Organ system responsible for immunity and fluid return.

Respiratory System

Organ system responsible for gas exchange.

Digestive System

Organ system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Urinary System

Organ system that removes waste and regulates water and electrolytes.

Reproductive System

Organ system that produces sex cells and offspring.

Gross Anatomy

Study of body structures visible without a microscope.

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of body structures requiring a microscope to view.

Developmental Anatomy

Study of structural changes throughout life.

Embryology

Study of structural development before birth.

Anatomical Position

Standard body position defined as standing upright, facing forward, feet forward, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

Superior

Directional term meaning toward the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning toward the feet.

Anterior

Directional term meaning toward the front.

Posterior

Directional term meaning toward the back.

Medial

Directional term meaning toward the midline.

Lateral

Directional term meaning away from the midline or to the side.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

Directional term meaning toward the surface.

Deep

Directional term meaning farther from the surface.

Sagittal Plane

Plane of section that divides the body into left and right parts.

Midsagittal Plane

Plane of section that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Plane of section that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Plane

Plane of section that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Dorsal Cavity

Body cavity containing the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral Cavity

Body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Serous Membrane

Thin membrane lining certain body cavities and covering internal organs.

Parietal Layer

Layer of a serous membrane that lines the cavity wall.

Visceral Layer

Layer of a serous membrane that directly covers an organ.

Serous Fluid

Fluid found between the parietal and visceral layers that reduces friction.

Pleura

Serous membrane associated with the lungs.

Pericardium

Serous membrane associated with the heart.

Peritoneum

Serous membrane associated with the abdominal organs.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes, such as keeping body temperature around $37^\text{o}\text{C}$/$98.6^\text{o}\text{F}$.

Negative Feedback

Homeostatic feedback mechanism that reverses a change and brings the body back toward normal.

Positive Feedback

Homeostatic feedback mechanism that amplifies or increases a change.

Principle of Complementarity

Principle stating that structure determines or relates to function.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element.

Element

Substance made of only one type of atom.

Proton

Subatomic particle with a positive charge located in the nucleus.

Neutron

Subatomic particle with a neutral (0) charge located in the nucleus.

Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative charge located in the electron cloud.

Octet Rule

Rule stating that atoms tend to become stable when they have 8 electrons in their outer shell.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom.

Mass Number

Total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Solution

Mixture that is evenly mixed throughout, such as salt water.

Colloid

Mixture in which solute particles remain dispersed, such as milk.

Suspension

Mixture in which solute particles settle over time, such as muddy water.

Ionic Bond

Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally.

Electronegativity

Measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons.

Dipole

A molecule that possesses slightly positive and slightly negative ends, such as water.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Potential Energy

Stored energy, such as chemical energy stored in ATP.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion.

Endergonic Reaction

Chemical reaction that requires an input of energy.

Exergonic Reaction

Chemical reaction that releases energy.

Catabolic Reaction

Reaction that breaks larger molecules into smaller ones, usually releasing energy.

Anabolic Reaction

Reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Exchange Reaction

Reaction in which chemical components or groups are swapped between molecules.

Activation Energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that lower activation energy to speed up chemical reactions.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving; readily interacts with water.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing; repels or does not mix with water.

Dehydration Synthesis

Chemical reaction that builds a larger molecule by removing water.

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction that breaks down a molecule by adding water.

Purines

Nitrogenous bases consisting of Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases consisting of Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U).

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Main short-term energy molecule of the cell.

Gene

Segment of DNA containing information required to produce a functional product, often a protein.

Plasma Membrane

Outer boundary of the cell that protects it, controls what enters/leaves, and communicates with surroundings.

Cytoplasm

Cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus, comprising cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

Nucleus

Organelle that stores DNA and controls gene expression.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model describing the plasma membrane structure as dynamic/fluid phospholipids with embedded proteins and molecules.

Integral Proteins

Proteins directly embedded within the plasma membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Selective Permeability

Property of the plasma membrane that permits specific substances to pass while preventing others.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without requiring ATP.

Active Transport

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy input (ATP).

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.