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Lymphatic System
Returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood.
Lymphatic Vessels
Network of drainage vessels that circulate interstitial fluid.
Lymph
Fluid found in lymphatic vessels.
Lymph Nodes
Organs that cleanse lymph and house immune cells.
Lymphoid Organs
Structures that provide the basis for the immune system, including spleen and thymus.
Lymphatic Capillaries
Blind-ended vessels that are more permeable than blood capillaries.
Lacteals
Specialized lymphatic capillaries that absorb digested fats.
Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
Larger vessels that drain lymph capillaries.
Lymphatic Trunks
Formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, draining large body areas.
Right Lymphatic Duct
Drains lymph from the right upper arm and right side of the head and thorax.
Thoracic Duct
Drains lymph from the rest of the body.
Lymphangitis
Condition where lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines due to inflammation.
Lymphoid Tissue
Composed mostly of reticular connective tissue, housing lymphocytes and macrophages.
Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
Loose arrangement of lymphoid cells found in almost every organ.
Lymphoid Follicles
Solid, spherical bodies containing tightly packed lymphoid cells.
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Sites where T and B cells mature (e.g., red bone marrow, thymus).
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Sites where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen).
Spleen
Organ involved in lymphocyte proliferation and blood cleansing.
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Lymphoid tissues in mucosal membranes protecting against pathogens.
Thymus
Organ where T cells mature and regulatory T cells develop.
Lymphedema
Severe localized edema caused by impaired lymph return.
Lymphocytes
Immune cells that mature into T cells and B cells.
Antibodies
Proteins secreted by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction.
Immunoglobulin Classes
Different types of antibodies (IgD, IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA) with specific functions.
Active Immunity
Immunity developed through exposure to antigens.
Passive Immunity
Immunity acquired through the introduction of ready-made antibodies.
Innate Immune System
First and second lines of defense against pathogens.
Phagocytes
Immune cells that engulf foreign invaders.
Natural Killer Cells
Attack and destroy infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization.
Inflammatory Response
Body's localized response to injury or infection.
Antimicrobial Proteins
Proteins like interferons and complement that help fight pathogens.
Adaptive Immune System
Specific defense system that eliminates pathogens and abnormal cells.
Humoral Immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells.
Cellular Immunity
T cell-mediated immunity targeting infected or abnormal cells.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Molecules that present antigens to T cells.
Antigen Presentation
Process where antigen-presenting cells display antigens to T cells.
Helper T Cells
Activate other immune cells by recognizing antigens on MHC class II molecules.
Cytotoxic T Cells
Kill infected or abnormal cells by recognizing antigens on MHC class I molecules.
Self vs Non-self Recognition
Mechanisms ensuring the immune system targets foreign antigens while avoiding self-damage.
Vaccines
Stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens without causing disease.
Blood Vessel Layers
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
Arteries
Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
Veins
Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
Capillaries
Exchange vessels for materials between blood and tissues.
Blood Flow Regulation
Controlled by vessel diameter and local chemical signals.
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, measured in mmHg.
Resistance
Opposition to blood flow influenced by vessel diameter, length, and blood viscosity.
Baroreceptor Reflex
Neural mechanism regulating blood pressure through vessel dilation or constriction.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Hormonal mechanism that regulates blood pressure and volume.