Lecture 2 exam

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System

Returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood.

Lymphatic Vessels

Network of drainage vessels that circulate interstitial fluid.

Lymph

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels.

Lymph Nodes

Organs that cleanse lymph and house immune cells.

Lymphoid Organs

Structures that provide the basis for the immune system, including spleen and thymus.

Lymphatic Capillaries

Blind-ended vessels that are more permeable than blood capillaries.

Lacteals

Specialized lymphatic capillaries that absorb digested fats.

Collecting Lymphatic Vessels

Larger vessels that drain lymph capillaries.

Lymphatic Trunks

Formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, draining large body areas.

Right Lymphatic Duct

Drains lymph from the right upper arm and right side of the head and thorax.

Thoracic Duct

Drains lymph from the rest of the body.

Lymphangitis

Condition where lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines due to inflammation.

Lymphoid Tissue

Composed mostly of reticular connective tissue, housing lymphocytes and macrophages.

Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue

Loose arrangement of lymphoid cells found in almost every organ.

Lymphoid Follicles

Solid, spherical bodies containing tightly packed lymphoid cells.

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Sites where T and B cells mature (e.g., red bone marrow, thymus).

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Sites where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen).

Spleen

Organ involved in lymphocyte proliferation and blood cleansing.

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Lymphoid tissues in mucosal membranes protecting against pathogens.

Thymus

Organ where T cells mature and regulatory T cells develop.

Lymphedema

Severe localized edema caused by impaired lymph return.

Lymphocytes

Immune cells that mature into T cells and B cells.

Antibodies

Proteins secreted by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction.

Immunoglobulin Classes

Different types of antibodies (IgD, IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA) with specific functions.

Active Immunity

Immunity developed through exposure to antigens.

Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through the introduction of ready-made antibodies.

Innate Immune System

First and second lines of defense against pathogens.

Phagocytes

Immune cells that engulf foreign invaders.

Natural Killer Cells

Attack and destroy infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization.

Inflammatory Response

Body's localized response to injury or infection.

Antimicrobial Proteins

Proteins like interferons and complement that help fight pathogens.

Adaptive Immune System

Specific defense system that eliminates pathogens and abnormal cells.

Humoral Immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells.

Cellular Immunity

T cell-mediated immunity targeting infected or abnormal cells.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Molecules that present antigens to T cells.

Antigen Presentation

Process where antigen-presenting cells display antigens to T cells.

Helper T Cells

Activate other immune cells by recognizing antigens on MHC class II molecules.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Kill infected or abnormal cells by recognizing antigens on MHC class I molecules.

Self vs Non-self Recognition

Mechanisms ensuring the immune system targets foreign antigens while avoiding self-damage.

Vaccines

Stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens without causing disease.

Blood Vessel Layers

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

Arteries

Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Veins

Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Exchange vessels for materials between blood and tissues.

Blood Flow Regulation

Controlled by vessel diameter and local chemical signals.

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, measured in mmHg.

Resistance

Opposition to blood flow influenced by vessel diameter, length, and blood viscosity.

Baroreceptor Reflex

Neural mechanism regulating blood pressure through vessel dilation or constriction.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Hormonal mechanism that regulates blood pressure and volume.