Period 3, c.1750 to c.1900

Eli Whitney

________ invented the cotton gin.

Industrial technology

________ had two enormous consequences, countries with ________, by definition, had advanced military weapons.

Explain the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 18th century, was centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

How were these ideas considered changes from previous philosophies/mindsets?

Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions

What factors facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideals within and outside of Europe?

The salons and the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe. Enlightenment ideas also eventually spread through newspapers, pamphlets, and even political songs.

Explain natural rights.

the belief that all people are born with certain rights that can not be taken away (life, liberty, property)

Explain the social contract.

Hobbes' proposal for an organized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom

Explain nationalism and how it will later play an important role in the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland. Nationalism grew in the 19th century as a result of Enlightenment thinking about equality, freedom, and democracy, and the concomitant political reforms and revolutions that gave voice to people who had previously been excluded.

How did the Enlightenment lead to social changes during the 1750-1900 time period?

Enlightenment ideas influenced various reform movements that existing notions of social relations, which contributed to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented.

Explain the origins of feminism in this time period.

The first wave of feminism took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for women, with a focus on suffrage.

What is suffrage?

The right to vote in political elections

How did Mary Wollstoncraft and Olympe de Gouge serve as early feminists?

Mary Wollstonecraft had worked tremendously hard to try and give women equal rights and education as men. Olympe de Gouge was also an advocate for womens rights.

Causes of American Revolution

Taxation 2. Revocation of Royal Charters 3. Enforcement of Navigation Acts 4. British Demands for Colonists to pay for cost of French and Indian War. 5. Oppression by King 6. Interference of Parliament in Colonial Affairs. 7. No Representation in Parliament.

Effects of American Revolution

the United States of America was formed, the British lost their main colony and source of raw materials, other Latin American countries were inspired to revolt, and the relationship between the French and the British continued to remain strained

Causes of French Revolution

The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates(chergy, nobility, middle and lower classes).

Effects of French Revolution

unified france and enhanced power of the national state, Rise of Napoleon, development of nationalism, inspired Latin American revolutions

Causes of Haitian Revolution

-Mercantilism
-constant slave rebellions
-white planters/gens de couleur united for political/economic interests
-the French Revolution
-Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Effects of Haitian Revolution

independence, destruction of the economy, anti slavery movement ended Napoleon's attempts to create a french empire in the western hemisphere and arguably caused france to sell its north american holdings to the United States

Causes of Latin American Revolutions

Spain goes and sets up colonies in the Americas, and the people were unhappy. For example, the creoles were unhappy with their social status. People living in the countries were unhappy with Spanish Officals. They read the writings of enlightenment, Spain weakens in power, They try to manage their colonies, and Leaders step up and vow to become independent. Enlightenment American Revolution French Revolution Displeased by colonization.

Effects of Latin American Revolutions

These wars had profound consequences for global and European history, leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of the British Empire as the world's premier power, the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian

Define 19th century liberalism and its effect on revolutions in this time period.

Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all before law for the new middle classes. Important points are as follows. It means freedom of equality before law. It included end of aristocracy and clerical privileges.

Describe the Enlightenment documents that influence resistance to existing political authority in this time period.

The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. ... Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

Explain the unification of Germany.

Unification of Germany: The newly emerged middle class in Germany in 1848 tried to unite several German kingdoms which were suppressed by monarchies and large landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body. Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states.

How did environmental factors contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution around 1750?

There are four primary impact points when it comes to industrialization — air, water, soil and habitat. The biggest problem is air pollution, caused by the smoke and emissions generated by burning fossil fuels. ... In spite of these regulations, industries are among the worst generators of air pollution in the world.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why did it begin there?

This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852-83) to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840

Explain how the factory system was different from the previously used cottage industries.

Simply put, the cottage industry refers to a period of time in which goods for sale were produced on a very small scale, usually in a home. ... The factory system is a term that historians use to refer to the development of centralized factories or mills that produced goods on a mass scale.

How did specialization of labor increase industrial production?

As labor is divided amongst workers, workers are able to focus on a few or even one task. The more they focus on one task, the more efficient they become at this task, which means that less time and less money is involved in producing a good.

Which areas in and outside of Europe adopted industrial production?

The industrial revolution on the European continent began in Belgium. Before that, the country had traditionally enjoyed a vibrant trading tradition for many years.

How did the increase in industrial production in Europe lead to a decline of manufacturing in other regions?

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient. Industrialization had many positive effects on society in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. The creation of power machines and factories provided many new job opportunities. The new machinery increased production speed of good and gave people the ability to transport raw materials.

Explain the role of the steam engine in transforming production and transportation during this time period.

The steam locomotive changed transportation by allowing us to ship goods and travel faster than ever before. It gave us the ability to create new industries and mold transport into what it has become today. The steam locomotive was an icon of the industrial revolution in many countries throughout the world

What changes in energy resources changed in this time period from previous periods in history?

The types of energy used in the United States have changed over time. The change has been driven by advances in technology, energy resource discoveries, energy prices, social pressures and other factors. The only constant is that the amount of energy used has increased steadily over time

What made the "second industrial revolution" different from the first?

While the First Revolution was driven by limited use of steam engines, interchangeable parts and mass production, and was largely water-powered (especially in the United States), the Second was characterized by the build-out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification

Explain how specific technologies led to an increase in trade and migration in this time period.

Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads, trans-Saharan trade network, and Indian Ocean— promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states

What is state-sponsored industrialization?

Examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization include: The economic reforms of Meiji Japan. The development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia. Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt.

Which states utilized state-sponsored industrialization to modernize?

Examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization include: The economic reforms of Meiji Japan. The development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia. Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

What changes in economic systems and ideologies occurred in this period in comparison to the 1450-1750 time period?

Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products

Who was Adam Smith?

Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish economist, philosopher as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as ''The Father of Economics'' or ''The Father of Capitalism''.

Explain laissez-faire capitalism.

laissez-faire capitalism is also referred to as free market capitalism or market capitalism. Simply put, laissez-faire translates to "leave us alone" meaning that the government should remain out of the economy and instead allow individuals to freely carry out their own economic affairs.

How did industrial capitalism lead to increased standards of living for some?

Even though the Industrial Revolution produced harsh conditions for workers, child labor, and an increase in the cost of living it proved to have raised living standards in the 18th and 19th century due to increase in wages, technological advancements, and an increase in life expectancy and it allowed economies to grow

How did it also lead to a decrease in standards of living for others?

The developing world's fundamental problem is that capitalism has not reorganized production and employment in the poorest countries and regions, leaving the bulk of the labor force outside its scope of operation. ... Under such conditions, capitalism does not thrive and economies remain poor

How did capitalism lead to the development of transnational businesses?

Evidence is growing that transnational corporations (TNCs) exert a profound impact on global human rights and health both through their control of key industries, and also as prime beneficiaries of international finance agreements.

How is capitalism different from mercantilism?

Capitalism refers to an economical operation where the private businesses or industries aim at generating profits. Mercantilism refers to an economical operation where a country mainly focuses on increasing exports and decreasing the imports to make a country rich.

What factors led to the development of labor unions in this time period?

The labor movement in the United States grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers. For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions.

What changes occured due to the involvement of labor unions and worker protests?

For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired.

Who was Karl Marx?

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, author, social theorist, and an economist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism.

What is communism?

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

What is socialism?

a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

How did industrialization lead to the growing popularity of communism?

Communism emerged from the socialist movement of the 19th century Europe. When the Industrial Revolution came along, socialists blamed capitalism and democracy for the proletariat's (a class made up of factory workers workings under dangerous conditions) hardships.

How did the Ottoman Empire attempt to modernize?

During the Tanzimat period of modernization, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalization of homosexuality, and the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories

Who opposed Ottoman modernization? What obstacles did they face?

The Ottoman Empire suffered from problems of overexpansion and failure to modernize. They underwent palace coups, declining trade, and weakening leadership.

How did Qing China attempt to modernize?

Modernizing the Qing dynasty poses a problem, in that modernization would unleash Chinese nationalism. The more modernized China becomes the more potent Chinese nationalism becomes. The end of the dynasty would undoubtedly result in a chaotic period (or extended war) as is common at the end of a Chinese dynasty.

Who opposed Chinese modernization? What obstacles did they face?

The Qing's attempt to stop the flow of opium resulted in two major wars that would change its relationship with the West—the Opium Wars. Although the Qing outnumbered their attackers about 10 to 1, they were no match for the high-powered British Navy, and their swift defeat greatly affected the dynasty's prestige

.How did industrialization lead to changes in existing social hierarchies ?

Industrialization caused the expansion of the middle class, and, eventually, an increase in the standard of living. Factories required more managers, who were middle class, and foremen and skilled mechanics (to repair machines), who became a very conservative upper lower class/working class

How did industrialization lead to changes in standards of living?

In this way, industrialization improved their standard of living because they were able to move away from the inner city, where there was a lot of poverty, and into the suburbs. They were able to move up in society, and overall, everything about their life changed for the better.

How did industrialization change women's roles in society?

As a result of the impacts of the Industrial Revolution, women entered the workforce in textile mills and coal mines in large numbers. ... As a result, women and children often worked in the factories and mines in order to help pay for the families cost of living. Woman in a coal mine in the Industrial Revolution.

Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.1

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ○ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. ● The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ○ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ○ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. ○ Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires

Evaluate the extent to which the Enlightenment affected societies during the 1750 to 1900 time period

Societies were affected greatly by the Enlightenment. For instance, the lives of the philosophers and the people they effected by fighting for what they wanted like Jean Jacques Rousseau, he saved thousands of lives with the idea of mothers breast feeding their children, without that idea from him, there would be a significant less population today.

Evaluate the extent to which the Atlantic Revolutions shared similar causes during the 1750 to 1900 time period

With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around 1820. The revolutions were mostly successful. They spread widely the ideals of liberalism, republicanism, the overthrow of aristocracies, kings and established churches.

Evaluate the extent to which environmental factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

Many people were in need of new solutions for farming and other things which led to new inventions. People were in need of more money so creating the farming assistance machines, they could now do more with it. For instance, collect more product. This brought more money that gave more into the cost to create more machinery and technological advancements.

Evaluate the extent to which states utilized state-sponsored industrialization in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

Some states that utilized state sponsored industrialization are the economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt.

Evaluate the extent to which free-market economic practices led to change during the 1750 to 1900 time period.

Capitalism ss the economic change in the period 1750-1900 that led to the formation of new elites

Evaluate the extent to which industrialization led to social changes during the 1750 to 1900 time period.

During the industrial revolution coal was needed to power many machines therefore, they required people to get coal from the coal mines. They forced lower class people and children to work in the coal mines even though it was very dangerous working conditions