Unit 1- Classification of Ragas

Grahma Classification:

- Shadjama & Madhyamagraham murchanas
- murchanas -> jathis -> ragas

Narada's classification -1 :

-Purusha Ragams- masculine and robust in nature
-Sthree Ragams- soft and feminine in nature
-Napumsaka Ragams- neutral ragams
*This classification has been retired*

Saranga Deva's classification:

-6 kinds of Marganas
- Gramha, Upa, Sudda, Bhassha, Vibhassha, Anthrabhaasha
-4 kinds of Desi Ragas
- Ragaanga, Upaanga, Bhaashanga, Kriyaanga
-Purva Prasidda ragas: popular before period
-Adhunika ragas: popular during period

Raamamatya Classification

Uttama Ragas- vast ragas
Madhyama Ragas- ragas with limited scope
Adhama Ragas- ragas that only exist as murchanas

Classification of Ancient Tamil Music

-PagalPaNare: sung in the day
-IruvapPan: sung at night
-PoduPan: sung all of the time

Ghana-Naya-Desya Classification:

- Ghana = Nata, Goula, Arabhi, Varali, Sri
- Naya = Begada, Bilahari (soft but rakti)
-Desya = Behag, Kapi (Hindustani)

Swaraantya Classification:

Panchamantya Ragas- ragas with murchana upto Pa (Navaroj)
Dhaivathantya Ragas- murchanan upto Da (Kuranji)
Nishadantya Ragas- ragas with murchana upto nishadam (Nadanamakriya)

Putra- Mitra- Kalatra Ragas

Putra Ragas- janya ragas
Mitra Ragas- twin ragas (Ritigoula-Anandabhairavi)
Kalatra Ragas- feminine ragas (Raagini- *not used today*)
Parivara ragas: audava-shadava ragas (5 up 6 down)

Murchana pradhana:

Raga is established by singing the murchana
ex: Kalyani, Thodi

Prayoga pradhana:

Prayogas determine ragas
ex: Athana

Vivadi Ragas:

-Melakartha (parent) ragas
-Only 40 out of 72
-includes G1, R3, N1, D2

Raaganga, Upaanga, and Bhashanga Ragas

Raaganga Ragas- Melakarta Ragas (Panthuvarali)
Upaanga Ragas- janya ragas with no anyaswara (Mohanam)
Bhashanga Ragas- janya ragas with anyaswara (Bhairavi)

Varjya Classification

-Sampurna-Sampura: Bhairavi
-Sampurna-Shadava: Bhairavam
-Sampurna-Audava: Natakuranji
-Shadava-Sampurna: Kambhoji
-Audava-Sampurna: Bilahari
-SHadava-SHadava: SriRanjani
-Shadava-Audava: Bahudari
-Audava-shadava: Malahari
-Audava-Audava: Mohana

Vakra Classification

-"Zig Zag" raagas
-Arohana Vakra (Natakuranji)
-Avarohana Vakra (Sri)

Raga:

- "The manifestation and interaction of sweet musical sounds"
- includes quarter tones, semi tones, seven notes, and multiple gamakas
- includes Ranjayithiithiragaha: emotion/abstract melodic entry
- concept created in the 5th century
- "pleases the mind and heart through the inner ear"

Marga and Desya Ragas:

- pure/sampurna in nature
- belongs to certain regions and styles in music

Classification of ancient music:

-pre Matanga
- port Matanga
- Ancient Tamil

Matangas Classification:

- Suddha ragas: pure
- Chayalaga ragas: shades from other ragas
- Sankeerna ragas: many shades in general

Narada's classification -2 :

- Muktanga kampitha: all notes given swaras
- Ardhakampita: certain swaras are given gamakas
- Kampaviheena ragas: all notes are "plain"

Suryaamsa and Chandraamsa:

- s: day ragas
-c: night ragas

72 melakartha raga scheme

• based on 12 semitones/16 Swaranamas (Shadja-Nishada)

• Sa and Pa present in all ragas

• 12 in each chakra, 6 chakras in total

• Purva & Uttara

• 1st half has sudda madhyama, other half has prati madhyama

• Ri, Ga, change with each chakra

• Da, ni change with each mela (raga)

• 40 vivadi ragas

Purva

• Indhu, Netra, Agni, Veda, Bana, Rutu

• suddha madhyama

Indhu

• Kanakangi (DA-NA)

• Rathnangi (DA-NI)

• Gaanamurthy (DA-NU)

• Vaanaspathy (DI-NI)

• Manavaathy (DI-NU)

• Tanarupi (DU-NU)

• all (RA-GA)

Uttara

• prati madhyama

• Rishi, Vasu, Bhrama, Disi, Rudha, Aditya

Rishi

• Saalagam (DA-NA)

• Jalaavarnam (DA-NI)

• Jhaalavarali (DA-NU)

• Navaneetham (DI-NI)

• Paanavni (DI-NU)

• Raghupriya (DU-NU)

• all (RA-GA)

Katapayadi

-