functional groups

alcohols:

generic structure: R-OH

(R=alkyl)

ethers:

generic structure: R-O-R

(R=alkyl)

-if one of the R-groups were to be a hydrogen, the structure would be considered and alcohol

sulfides:

generic structure: R-S-R

(R=alkyl)

-similar to ethers, but Oxygen is replaced with Sulfur

thiols:

generic structure: R-SH

(R=alkyl)

-similar to alcohol, replaces OH with SH

benzene:

-falls under the functional group aromatics

-aromatic compounds are in a ring structure with alternating double bonds

ketones:

(R=alkyl)

Aldehyde

(R=alkyl)

-one R-group MUST be hydrogen but both R-groups can be hydrogen, or if one R-group is hydrogen the other must be alkyl

Both ketones and aldehydes contain:

A double bind between the carbon and oxygen, called a CARBONYL

Carboxylic acids:

(R=hydrogen or alkyl)

-contains carbonyl but is NOT a ketone or aldehyde

-OH has to be directly attached to carbonyl carbon

Acyl halides

(X=halogen, R=alkyl)

-contains CARBONYL and ACYL

Anhydrides/ acid anhydrides:

Two Acyl groups with an oxygen attaching them (acid anhydride)

-similar to carboxylic acid but hydrogen is replaced with a carbonyl carbon

Esters:

contains carbonyl, R1 must be alkyl, R2 can be a hydrogen if necessary

Amines:

(R=hydrogen or alkyl)

When you have a nitrogen atom connected to up to three R-groups

Amides:

(R= hydrogen or alkyl)

Contains carbonyl carbon, similar to carboxylic acids, oxygen is replaced with nitrogen