DAT Hormones

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/ vasopressin

Source: Posterior pituitary (does not synthesize hormones, it stores ADH produced by the hypothalamus)

Target: Kidney

Action: Increases reabsorption of water

-Increases reabsorption of water by increasing the permeability of nephron's collecting duct.

Oxytocin

Source: Posterior pituitary(does not synthesize hormones, it stores oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus)

Target: Mammary glands

Action: milk letdown

-Secreted during childbirth. Increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk ejection

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

Source: Anterior pituitary (tropic hormones-stimulate other endocrine glands)

Target: Thyroid

Action: Secretion of T3 and T4

-stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormones)

Source: Anterior pituitary (tropic hormones-stimulate other endocrine glands)

Target: Adrenal cortex

Action: secretion of glucocorticoids

-Involved in regulation of metabolism of glucose

FSH (follicle stimulating hormones)

Source: anterior pituitary (tropic hormones-stimulate other endocrine glands)

Target: Ovaries, testes

Action: Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis

-Females: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen.

-Males: stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Source: anterior pituitary (tropic hormones-stimulate other endocrine glands)

Target: Ovaries, testes

Action: Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis

-Females: stimulates formation of the corpus lute

-Males: stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone

PRL (prolactin)

Source: Anterior pituitary (hormones-directly stimulate target organs)

Target: mammary glands

Action: production of milk

Endorphins

inhibit perception of pain; technically a neurohormone

GH (Growth hormones) aka somatotropin

Source: Anterior pituitary (hormones-directly stimulate target organs)

Target: Bone, muscle

Action: Stimulates growth

Glucagon

Source: Pancreas (alpha cells)

Target: Liver

Action: Increase blood glucose

Insulin

Source: Pancreas (beta cells)

Target: Liver, muscles, fats

Action: Decreases blood glucose

Epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Source: Adrenal gland (medulla)

Target: Blood vessels, liver, and heart

Action: increases blood glucose, vasoconstriction (sympathetic)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)

Source: Adrenal gland (cortex)

Target: General kidney

Action: Increases blood glucose, stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, affect fat and protein metabolism, stress hormones

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Source: Adrenal gland (cortex)

Target: General kidney

Action: Increases reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

T4 (thyroxin) and T3 (triiodothyronine)

Source: Thyroid

Target: General bone

Action: Increase cellular metabolism

-Necessary for growth and neurological development in children and increase basal metabolic rate in body.

Hypothyroidism

-Undersecretion

-low heart rate and low respiratory rate

-Leads to goiters

Hyperthyroidism

-Oversecretion

-Increased metabolic rate and sweating

-Leads to goiters

Calcitonin

Source: Thyroid

Target: General bone

Action: Lower blood Ca2+

-Decreases blood Ca2+ by inhibiting its release from bone

-Decreases osteoclast activity and number

-Stimulates osteoblasts

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Source: parathyroid

Target: Bone

Action: Increase blood Ca2+

-antagonistic to calcitonin

-Raises Ca2+ in blood by stimulating the release from bone

-Stimulates osteoclast proliferation

Testosterone

Source: testes

Target: Testes, general

Action: Spermatogenesis, Secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen

Source: Ovary

Target: Uterus, general uterus

Action: Menstrual cycle, Secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

Source: Ovary

Target: Uterus, general uterus

Action: Menstrual cycle, pregnancy

Melatonin

Source: Pineal

Target: body

Action: circadian rhythms

Gastrin

-Food in stomach

-Stimulates secretion of HCl

Secretin

-Small intestine

-When acidic food enters from stomach, neutralize acidity of chime by secretion of alkaline bicarbonate

Cholecystokinin

-Small intestine

-Presence of fats, causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of bile (involved in digestion of fats)

Thymosins

-Come from the thymus

-Stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-cells

Types of hormones

-Peptide:synthesized in rough ER and modified by Golgi. Requires vesicles to cross membranes. Acts on surface receptors typically via secondary messengers.

-Steroid: synthesized form cholesterol in smooth ER.

-Tyrosine derivatives: formed by enzymes in cytosol or on rough ER.