Logical fallacies

Tu Quoque

Tu Quoque

Answering criticism with criticism

Anecdotal Fallacy

Using a personal experience or an isolated example instead of sound resounding or compelling evidence

Special Pleading fallacy

Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false

Composition/division fallacy

Assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it

Ad hominem fallacy

When speakers attack the person making the argument and not the argument itself

Personal Incredulity fallacy

Saying that bc one finds something difficult to understand that it’s therefore not true

Gambler’s fallacy

Believing that ‘runs’ occur to statistically independent phenomena (such as roulette wheel spins)

Appeal to nature fallacy

Making the argument that because smth is ‘natural’ it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal

Bandwagon fallacy

Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation

Strawman fallacy

misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack

False cause fallacy

Assumes that because one event precedes another, it caused the other event

No true Scotsman fallacy

An appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of your argument

Loaded question fallacy

Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can’t be answered without appearing guilty

Black or white fallacy

Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist

Appeal to emotion fallacy

Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument

Genetic fallacy

condemning something as good or bad because of where it began, how it began, or who began it

The fallacy fallacy

Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong

Burden of proof fallacy

Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove it

Begging the question fallacy

A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise

Ambiguity fallacy

Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth

Texas sharpshooter fallacy

Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption

Slippery slope

A fear tactic suggesting that is we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen.

Middle-ground fallacy

Assuming that the middle position between tow others is always the right one