ch.3 migration

Migration

Permanent movement of humans from one place to another

Ex: major source of relocation diffusion

Bracero program

Series of the U.S - Mexican agreements from 1943-1964 that allowed Mexican men to legally work as temporary short term laborers

• labor shortages from WWII

• Guest workers from Mexico used railroads and farms

Periodic movement

Recurring but temporary longer term movement away from a home base

Ex: temporary relocation to college, guest workers etc

(Cyclical movement)

Pastoralism (cyclic movement)

When herders move livestock through the year to continually find freshwater and green pastures instead of feeding livestock an agriculturaly processed feed

Ex: eastern Uganda (karamuja)

Intraregional migration

Rural to urban

• movement within a single region

• Tends to be movement from cities to suburbs

• Moving from 1 part of the U.S to another part in the U.S

  ex: Oswego to Chicago

• A permanent move within one region of a country

Interregional migration

A permanent move from one region of a country to another region

Ex: Midwest to the south

Activity spaces

Spaces of daily routines or short moves within a local area

Ex: seasonal movement of ranchers moving livestock vertically during summer and lowlands during winter

Cyclic movement

Involves a journey that begins at our home base and brings us back to it creating activity spaces

Ex: travel patterns are repeated

• snowbirds

Snowbirds (cyclic movement)

Are retired or semiretired people who live in cold states and Canada for most of the year and move to warm states like Florida. Enabling them to have and avoid snow and have warm weather

Relocation diffusion

The spread of cultural trait or innovation through the physical movement of people from one place to another

Ex: Italian immigrants brought pizza to the U.S then adopted by the U.S

Push factor

A reason that encourages people ti leave their home country

Ex: poverty, unemployment, lack of resources

Pull factor

Attracts people to migrate to a new location

Ex: job opportunities, educational opportunities, better healthcare

Refugee

A person who is residing outside their country of origin because of fear of persecution

Ex: civil war In syria in 2011

• 5.6 million Syrians fled To turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq

Transhumance

Form of pastoralism, herding their livestock from highland to lowland and back in search of pastures renewed by seasonal rainfall

Ex: Switzerland farmers drive cattle up high mountains, fresh pastures during summer while farm families follow the herds, staying in cottages

Intervening opportunity

A positive condition or event encountered by a migrant during their journey that presents an attractive alternative destination, potentially causing them to settle their into the destination

Ex: person migrating from a rural area to a distant city for work might stop in a smaller intermediate city because they receive a better job offer

International migration (transnational)

Movement across a countries borders

Ex: potato famine in Ireland causing them to migrate to North America

Internal migration

Human movement within a nation- state, such as going westward and southward movements in the U.S

Ex: In oeru majority of migrants move to lima for more job opportunities

Human trafficking

The illegal trade of people for forced labor, sexual exploitation, driven by force fraud

Emigrate

Moving out of a country

Ex: many refugees do this because they don’t feel safe

Forced migration

Involuntary migration that cannot be explained by choice (political)

Ex: human trafficking

• largest: Atlantic slave trade

Laws of migration (ravenstein6

1. Most migrants move short distance

2. Migration occurs in steps

3. Long distance migrants go to major centers of commerce and industry

4. Migration flows produce counter flows

5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban

Gravity model

A math formula that predicts the spatial interaction between two places o. Their population sizes and the distance between them

Ex: predicting the strength of interaction between a smaller nearby city like Amsterdam and a larger, distant city like NYC vs. the interaction between two large distant cities like NYC and London

Chain migration

A process in which legal immigrants sponsor a family member for immigration

Ex: when someone moves from Mexico to the U.S and eventually sponsor their entire family to join them, creating a chain

Distance decay

Interaction between two places or entities decreases as the distance between them increases

Ex: wouldn’t go to a far grocery store but one that is near

Net migration

The difference between immigration and emigration during a year

Ex: Ireland had a negative net migration because they had more immigrants than emigrants giving it a positive net migration

Rust belt

A booming industrial and coal. Mining region rusted out as companies abandoned factories. Started calling the Midwest and northeast the rust belt

Ex: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin

A regional that once had a vibrant manufacturing sector but is now de industrialized

Guest workers

Migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil foods increasing the volume of exports from the region

Ex: France is a primary destination for many guest workers from Northern Africa

Sun belt

A regional of economic growth with an expanding tech based service sector that stretches from the southern U.S from Virginia to Cali

Ex: Florida, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, cali, Virginia, etc

Ellis island

A historical and symbolic site of mass migration

Ex: immigration station in New York 1892 to 1954 processing over 12 million migrants

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

Involves the imposition of authority of power. A person who is forced out of the home region within their own country because of war, environmental, problems etc.

ex: Colombia has the greatest number of IDPs in the western hemisphere

Reverse remittances

Money flowing from other countries to the United States

Ex: money sent by families in the country of origin to support migrants in their host country

Ex: an exchange student and parents sending money to support.

Diaspora dispersal or dispersion or spread of people from their original homeland

Atlantic slave trade

Counter migration

The reverse flow of migrants that occurs in response to an initial migration stream

Ex: when people move from the U.S to Mexico for retirement

Assimilation

Process by which a mi orbits group or culture adopts the culture of a dominant culture resulting In The loss of their own cultural traits

Ex:native Americans were sent to boarding schools to learn English, adopt American customs, and abandon their culture

Islands of development

A specific area within a larger country that, through gov. Has developed significantly with high concentration of jobs often to attract foreign investments and stimulate national development

Ex: Dubai, where the palm of islands project, a feat of engineering, symbolizeing the city’s repaid development and success as a major tourist and economic hub, attracting foreign investments

Unauthorized immigrant

Migrants arriving in a country without the formal consent of the host country

Ex: in 2013 an estimated 10,700,000 illegal immigrants lived in the U.S

Assylum seekers

Someone who flees their country due to persecution or well founded fear of persecution and seeks protection in another country

Ex: afghans escaping the taliban

Repatriation

The return of a person to their country of foreign typically a refugee or displaced person often with assistance from organizations like the United Nations (UNHCR)

Ex: returning to country of origin

Genocide

The intent to destroy in whole or part, national, ethnic, racial or religious groups by killing, causing serious harm inflicting conditions

Ex: the holocaust

Zionism

A nationalist movement with the goal of establishing and supporting a Jewish national state in Palestine also known as the land of Israel

Ex: establishment of the state of Israel in 1948

Remittances

Searching for better economic opportunities in hopes of earning enough to send back money to their families in their home countries

Ex: send money to family back home

Selective migration

Certain people are more likely to move than others based on factors like age, education, status

Ex: Canada’s implementing a points based immigration system to attract high skilled workers