Life Processes - Organelles and Transport

Cell

A building block of all things

Unicellular

Organism made up of one cell

Multicellular

Organism made up of many cells

Lysosome (Animal)

The digestive system of the cell, degrading outside material and digesting it. Repairing the cell membrane and responding against foreign objects.

Cell Wall (Plant)

A rigid structure made from cellulose. Responsible for giving the cell shape and support

Chloroplast (Plant)

The site of photosynthesis. Where plants convert sunlight, CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen. Contains green pigment called chlorophyll.

Cell Membrane (Both)

A barrier around the outside of the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Nucleus (Both)

Holds all the genetic information (DNA) which carries instructions for cell function.

Cytoplasm (Both)

Jelly-like fluid in the cell. All other organelles are suspended in it and is the site for many bio chemical reactions

Mitochondria (Both)

The energy producer of the cell, site of cellular respiration.

Vacuole (Both)

Storage bubbles which stores water and nutrience.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Both)

The site of protein synthesis. 2 types - rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes)

Golgibody (Both)

packaging and processing proteins

Ribosome

Builds proteins and amino acids together in the order of the base sequence of RNA

Waxy Cuticle

Waxy, waterproof layer that cuts down water loss (evaporation) and protects against fungi

Upper Epidermis

Single layer of cells that have no chloroplast and are transparent for light to pass through

Palisade Layer

Layer of palisade cells with chloroplasts. Where most of photosynthesis takes place

Spongy Mesophyll

Irregular shaped cells with large air spaces allowing gas exchange (diffusion) between stomata and photosynthesising cells

Lower Epidermis

Contains tiny holes (pores) called stomata at regular intervals allowing gasses to diffuse in and out of the leaf

Stomata

Small pores in the lower epidermis that allow CO2 to enter the leaf and O2 to be released

Guard Cells

Cells that surround the stomata and regulate transpiration by controlling the opening and closing of stomata.

Vein

Contains tubes called the xylem and phloem - for transport of water, minerals and glucose.

Chloroplast

Is the organelle that is only present in plant cells. This is because they are the site of photosynthesis.

Thylakoid

Flat disk-shaped pancakes that store chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place. High surface area so more light can absorb, making photosynthesis faster.

Granam

Thylakoids organised into flat compact piles.

Lamella

Tubes that connect the grana together

Stroma

clear fluid allowing light to pass through, suspends the lamella. Contains enzymes for the light independent phase

Membranes

clear / see-through, thin, semi-permeable which allows light to pass through

Lumen

Aqueous inside of the thylakoid where photosynthesis occurs, contains chloroplasts.

Chlororphyll

The pigment is green and responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis to occur

Numbers of Chloroplasts

Plants that need more sunlight have more chloroplasts to absorb more sun

Movement of Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts can move around the cell (towards the edge) to absorb the most sunlight

Photosynthesis

The endothermic process which plants use the heat and light energy from the sun to use carbon dioxide and water to make their own food (glucose) and oxygen (byproduct)

Photosynthesis Word equation

water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis Symbol equation

6H2O + 6CO2 + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Water

Is absorbed through the soil, from roots and is carried through the vein system to the leaves

Carbon Dioxide

is found in the atmosphere and enters the leaves through the stomata

Glucose

is used for fuel for energy (respiration) and also building materials for cellulose (cell wall)

Oxygen

Is used for the plants respiration. Extra oxygen leaves the plant via the stomata and enters the atmosphere.

Sunlight

Comes from the sun and is absorbed through the transparent top layers of the leaf (cuticle and epidermis) and is absorbed by the thylakoid that acts as a catalyst for the reaction

Light Dependent phase

Occurs in thylakoid in chloroplast. Light comes. Energy from light is used to split H2O into H2 and O2. ATP is produced. O2 leaves as a waste product. Hydrogen stays and is used in following reactions.

Light Independent Phase

Occurs in the stroma. The H2 and ATP energy and CO2 from the atmosphere are used to produce glucose.

Rate of Photosynthesis

Will always correspond to the factor which is in least supply

Factor: Light Intensity

As light increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases. (there will reach a point where the rate will not increase, due to limiting factors like H2O and CO2.)

Factor: Number of Chloroplasts

As the number of chloroplasts increase, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase. (there will reach a point where the rate will not increase, due to limiting factors like H2O and CO2.)

Factor: Temperature

Photosynthesis requires enzymes to work. Enzymes work at optimum temperatures. If too high enzymes will denature and become non functional. If too low rate of successful collisions will be lower.

Factor: CO2 and H2O concentration

As H2O and CO2 increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. (there will reach a point where the rate will not increase, as enzymes are all in use)

Cellular Respiration

Is a set of reactions that converts glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP, carbon dioxide and water

Cellular Respiration Word Equation

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Cellular Respiration Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Fuel

A substance that can be used as a source of chemical energy. Both animals and plants release the energy from food using respiration

ATP (Andenosine Triphosphate)

Is a molecule needed to carry energy around and is essential for many processes in the human body to occur

ATP amount

ATP stores a lot of energy. It is present in every cell. When a cell requires more energy, ATP is broken down, releasing energy to drive cell activity.

Mitochondria

An organelle and is the powerhouse of the cell, as its main function is the production of energy in the form ATP

Cristia

Folds of the inner membrane increase surface area for respiration to occur, maximizing the production of ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Takes place in the mitochondria. Glycolysis - Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport train. Produces 36-38 ATP

Aerobic Respiration Word Equation

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36-38 ATP

Aerobic Respiration Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs in the absence of oxygen. Takes place in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis - Fermentation. Produces 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation

Glucose = Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 = 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs both aerobically and anaerobically. Turns 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate. Produces 2 ATP.

Kreb's Cycle (Cirtic Acid Cycle)

Occurs in Mitochondria Matrix. Occurs aerobically. Turns pyruvate into citric acid and carbon dioxide. Produces 2 ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in Cristea of Mitochondria. Occurs aerobically. Turns H+ ions into water. Produced 32-34 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs in Animals or anaerobic bacteria. Occurs anaerobically. Turns pyruvate to lactic acid. Turns NADH to NAD+

Alcohol Fermentation

Occurs in yeast. Occurs anaerobically. Turns pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Turns NADH to NAD+

Passive Transport

the movement down a concentration gradient (high to low)

Active Transport

the movement up a concentration gradient (low to high)

Concentration gradient

the measure of how the concentration of a solution changes from one place to another

Passive Transport Energy

Occurs when substances can enter and exit the cell with no ATP or cellular energy (as particles are moving down the concentration gradient)

Simple Diffusion

The spreading out / moving of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration (down/with)

Simple Diffusion Occurrence

occurs across the cell membrane due to the concentration grading. Molecules travel through the small spaces between phospholipids to reach equilibrium between the extra / intra cellular space.

Facilitated Diffusion Occurrence

occurs when molecules that are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer want to diffuse through the cell. The transport protines help the molecule cross the membrane

Facilitated diffusion speed

facilitated diffusion is faster then simple diffusion

Transport proteins

help diffuse bigger molecules through the cell membrane. Only can carry one type of molecule. Effected by temperature as is a protein.

Osmosis

The movement of water from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water) across a semi permeable membrane

Water conc in osmosis

Wherever there is more solute the water will flow. It will continue to diffuse until it reaches an equilibrium position.

Tonicity

A measure of the water potential gradient of 2 solutions on either side of a semi permeable membrane

Water Potential

The measure of the tendency of water molecules to move from one place to another.

Water Potential Conc

Water always moves from a region of high water potential (low solute conc) to one of a lower water potential (high solute conc) down the concentration gradient

Solute

the component in a solution that is dissolved in the solvent

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Hypertonic solution

solution with a higher concentration of solutes

Hypotonic solution

solution with a lower concentration of solutes

Water in solutions

Water always moves to hypertonic solutions

Isotonic Solutions

when 2 solutions with the same solute conc are separated by a semi permeable membrane. Water freely moves across the membrane without changing solute conc (no net flow of water)

Lysed

When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution and gains water and bursts

Turgid / normal

When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will build pressure and swell. This is the plants preferred solution

Normal

When an animal cell is placed in an isotonic solution water can enter and leave. This is the animals preferred solution