BU Part 1.1 - Plumbing & Sanitary,

Plumbing

Art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings

Plumbarius

Refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field in ancient Rome

Plumbum

On the other hand, meant lead

London

A modern sewerage system began operating in ______ in the 1860's.

Plumbing System

The water supply distributing pipes; the fixture and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes,etc.

Water Supply System

Provides and distributes water to the different parts of the building or structure, for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing

Drainage System

All the piping within public or private premises which conveys sewage, rainwater or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal.

Sanitary Drainage and Vent Piping System

Installed by the plumber to remove wastewater and water-borne wastes from the plumbing fixtures 

Sanitary Drainage Pipes

Pipes installed to remove the wastewater and water-borne wastes from plumbing fixtures

Ventilation System

The purpose of providing circulation of air and creating balanced atmospheric condition within the system thereby preventing siphonage and backpressure.

Soil Pipe

A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or similar fixtures containing fecal matter

Waste Pipe

A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter.

▪ Cold Water Supply System

▪ Hot Water Supply System

Water Supply and Distribution System:

▪ Direct Waste Piping System

▪ Indirect Waste Piping System

Waste Piping System:

▪ House Sewer

▪ Drainage Cleanout

▪ Plumbing Traps

House Drain:

Uses of Water: Nourishment

Much of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body 

Uses of Water: Cleansing and Hygiene

Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste, and its high heat storage capacity

Uses of Water: Ceremonial Uses

Largely through its association with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial 

Uses of Water: Transportation Uses

Even before land transportation was discovered man had already ventured into the water as transportation medium.

Uses of Water: Cooling Medium

Water has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates

Uses of Water: Ornamental Element

 Our association of water with nourishing, cleansing, and cooling make a very powerful design element

Uses of Water: Protective Uses

The vast quantities of water potentially required for firefighting must be delivered quickl

• Agricultural

• Industrial

• Household

• Recreation

• Others

Uses of Fresh Water:

Sources of Water: Rainfall

• Obtained from roofs and watersheds.

• It is soft pure and good on places where there is an abundant rainfall

Sources of Water: Natural Surface

• Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers

• Easiness of procurements and good for locality near such bodies of water

Sources of Water: Underground Water

• Obtained from below ground surface by means of mechanical and manual equipments

Groundwater

That portion of the rainwater which was percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called “aquifers” (water bearing strata of the soil).

Surface Water

A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater, surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoir.

4 to 5 gals.

Average Daily Consumption per Fixture.: Water Closet 

2 gals.

Average Daily Consumption per Fixture.: Lavatory

10 to 40 gals.

Average Daily Consumption per Fixture.: Shower

Sedimentation

Particles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container

Chemical Treatments

To kill the harmful bacteria present and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste, used chemical is chlorine

Filtration

Filtered on various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter, used materials are sand and gravel

Aeration

Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves and exposed to air of fine mist

Coagulation

A chemical such as Alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to turbulent water

Disinfection

Chlorine, Chloramine, Chlorine Dioxide, Iodine

Distillation

Water is heated to allow condensation, as water vapor encounters cooler surface, it condenses

Fluoridation

Fluoride may help in minimizing tooth decay but excessive amounts are toxic and caused mottled teeth

Adsorption

A mechanism of contaminant removal making use of the adsorption phenomenon, the act of physical adhesion

Water Desalination

Done by Entrained Gases  where the water vapor is condensed and removed 

Entrained Gases 

Are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide methane, oxygen and nitrogenous and organic compounds

Wells

______ that are supplying water for public use should be located at a minimum distance of 100 meter radius from residential areas

Up feed System

Water is distributed from normal water pressure coming from public water main for use in low rise buildings

Pneumatic Tank

Water pressure is distributed from air pressure coming from suction tank for use in all tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal water pressure.

Down feed System

By gravity from overhead tanks and are suspended either by structural frames or on the roof decks.

Storm Water 

From the rain

Grey Water

Waste from laundries, wash basins, sinks etc.

Black Water

Human waste and urine

Waste Pipe

It receives the discharges of any fixture except the water closet

Direct Waste

➢ Urinals

➢ Bathtub

➢ Lavatories

➢ Sink

➢ Showers

➢ Drinking fountain

➢ Laundry

➢ Laboratory

➢ Hospital fixtures

Indirect Waste

➢ Soda Fountain

➢ Bar Waste

➢ Refrigeration

➢ Drinking Fountain

Soil Pipe

A pipe that receives and conveys discharges of water closet, with or without the discharge from other fixtures

House Drain

➢ Is the portion of the plumbing system that receives the discharges of all soil and waste stacks within the building

➢ Referred to as the “Collection Line of a Plumbing System”

House Trap

Is defined as a device installed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the building.

Area Drain

Consists of a running trap installed under the basement floor to protect it from freezing.

Floor Drain 

A receptacle used to receive water to be drained from the floor into the plumbing system.

Yard Catch Basin

A receptacle used to catch surface water drained from the cemented courts, driveways and yards

House Sewer

That portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or septic tank

Storm Drain

The unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal.

Ventilation

To maintain a balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent various plumbing problems.

Vents

For admission of air and discharging of gases, soil, and waste stacks

Main Soil and Waste Vent

It serves as the terminal for the main vent and other vents of the plumbing system

Main Vent

It is the portion of the vent pipe system which serves as a terminal of the smallest forms of units and grouped fixture trap ventilation.

Individual Vent

Also known as the back vent, it is the portion of the vent pipe system which serves a single trap. 

Unit Vent

This is the portion of the vent pipe which ventilates two fixture traps.

Circuit or Loop Vent

This is employed where two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or waste branch.

Relief Vent

Provided when waste branches are circuit vented

Yoke or By-Pass Ventilation

On a long vertical soil pipe, a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor intervals.

Wet Ventilation

Installation and fixture traps which at the same time receives and convey liquid waste discharge from the fixtures.

Looped Vent

It is used on fixtures in a room away from any partitions. 

Trap Seal Loss

Can be attributed to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures inside the system.

1. Siphonage

2. Back Pressure

3. Evaporation

4. Capillary Action

Four Factors of Trap Seal Loss:

Siphonage

It is the result of the minus pressure in the drainage system.

A. Direct self-siphonage

B. Indirect or momentum

Two Types: Siphonage

Back Pressure

This condition is caused by a plus pressure which blows the water out of the fixture.

Evaporation

Only on floor drains not regularly used to admit water but is exposed to extreme temperature

Capillary Action

The condition is caused by a suspension of a foreign object such as a string, rags, strands of hair extended

Trap

Used on plumbing fixture is a device scientifically designed to prevent the back flow of gases

The Common Seal

It has 5 centimeters deep water seal between the overflow and the dip, which will offer resistance against abnormal conditions

The Deep Seal

This trap may be used under normal condition, but it’s purposely designed for abnormal situations

Permissible Traps

What are under traps are these:

Objectionable Traps

What are under traps are these:

Stand Trap

What kind of trap is this?

High Hub

What kind of trap is this?

Low Hub

What kind of trap is this?

Extra Heavy

What kind of trap is this?

Brass

What kind of trap is this?

Mechanical Sealed Trap

What kind of trap is this?

Metal Partition Trap

What kind of trap is this?

Full S-Trap

What kind of trap is this?

¾ S-Trap

What kind of trap is this?

Bag Trap

What kind of trap is this?

P-Trap

> U or J-Shaped pipe located under sinks and drains

> It holds a small amount of water to create a seal that blocks noxious sewer gases and odors from entering your home

Drum Trap

An older plumbing component often found in homes built before 1960s.

It consists of a large, drum-shaped container, to trap debris and prevent sewer gases from entering the home.

Grease Trap

To intercept fats, oils, and grease (FOG) from wastewater before it enters the sewer system

Inside Storm Drain

Is sometimes located under the basement floor or within the walls of the building. 

Outside Storm Drain

Possible on location where the lot is not totally occupied by the building

Overhead Storm Drain 

Adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building.

Roof Leader

> Popularly known as the water conductor or downspout either concealed or exposed type.

> It connects the roof terminal to the storm drain.