PSY100 Final Exam

psychology

science of behavior and mental processes

correlation

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and this how well either factor predicts the other

experiment

an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

case studies

intensive study of individuals or groups

naturalistic observation

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

positive correlation

a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase or two things decrease together

negative correlation

as one thing increases, the other thing decreases

temporal lobe

auditory, language, memory

occipital lobe

vision

parietal

somatosensory (voluntary movement)

frontal

execute functions, thoughts, behaviors, decisions

hindbrain

lower part of brain stem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

behavioral perspective

focus just on behavior and not mental process

evolutionary prescriptive

changing of the brain

humanistic perspective

how to make your best self

psychoanalytic perspective

talking, analysis, unconcious

positive psychology prespective

study of healthy, happy people

cognitive presepctive

the way we think about the world

biological presepctive

how the brain works

cross cultural prespective

culture affects psyche

nature

inborn characteristics (survival instincts, genetic mutations, skin pigment)

nuture

environmental influences (socialization, location, nutrition, lifestyle, stress)

erikson

social development

piaget

cognitive development

emerging adulthood

new development between adolescence and adulthood

childhood

experience language and vision, motor movement, get rid of unnecessary pathways

adulthood

sense of belonging, stableness

confirmation bias

seek out and prefer evidence that supports our ideas

belief preserverance

cling to our beliefs

fundamental attribution theory

explaining someone else behavior

cognitive dissonance

belief that doesn't match your behavior

social loafing

the tenancy for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towed attaining a common goals than when individually accountable

in group bias

the tendency to favor our own group

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

perception

the process of organizing and interpret sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

natures physical impact

heal more quickly, less medication, gut microbiome, increased serotonin, vitamin D, natural movement, sensory stimulation

natures psychological impact

less anxious, happier, less depressed, care taking, improve attention and memory

natures spiritual impact

transcendence, meaning

natures social impact

build healthy attachment, innate connection to nature

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Myers-Briggs

personality test

id

pleasure, biological urges (tired, hungry, horny), unconscious state

ego

reality, attempting to find a balance, concious

superego

ideal, moralistic principle. follow societal norms and expectations

oral state

babies 0-2, put everything in their mouth, breastfeed on nipple

anal state

2-7, potty training, gets rewarded for going to the bathroom

phallic state

middle school, notices difference between boys and girls

latency state

late middle school, early high school, slightly interested

genital state

sexually interested in one another

defense mechanism

how ego protects you from id

repression

hold down painful memories and urges, keep in the unconscious

regression

returning to earlier coping mechanisms

reaction formation

opposite of actual belief

projection

which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

rationalization

trying to justify our behaviors

displacement

taking how were feeling and taking it out on someone else

denial

will not accept reality

openness

imaginative, prefers variety, independent

consciousness

organized, careful, disciplined

extraversion

sociable, fun loving, affectionate

neuroticism

anxious, insecure, self pity

self actualizing tendency

meaning, contribute to society

essential components of a growth promoting environment

genuineness, acceptance, empathy

positive regard

other people approving of decision

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured

biospychosocial perspectives

study how biological, psychological, and social cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorder

abnormal psychology

study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, and explain change

disorder

cluster of symptoms

generalized anxiety disorder

a person is unexplainable and continually tense and uneasy

panic disorder

experiences panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense dread and fears the next episode

phobias

in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation

OCD

a disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) , or both

PTSD

disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

depression

depressed mode (2 weeks), lack of interest or pleasure, weight, sleep, and movement changes

grief

functional pleasure, intact self esteem, indefinable loss

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited states of mania

causes of depression

faulty mood regulation the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications, and medical problems

depression thoughts

worthless, guilt

depression is more common in..

females

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

decrease in motivation, speech, movement, emotions, split from reality

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

personality disorder

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

obsessive-compulsive personality

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

binge eating

a disorder in which a person repeatedly eats too much food at one time

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

therapy

treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive (thinking) and behavior therapy

horticultural therapy

the use of horticultural plants and methods as therapeutic tools with disabled and disadvantaged people

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Psychopathology

sickness or disorder of the mind

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual