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describe the role of surveys in clinical research
-set of Qs that elicits quantitative or qualitative responses
-survey formats: QUESTIONNAIRES & INTERVIEWS
what are questionnaires (survey format) ?
standardized survey, usually self-administered, that asks individuals to respond to a series of questions
what are interviews (survey formats) ?
the researcher asks respondents specific questions and record answers
-structured, semi-structured, unstructured
describe the process of designing/planning a survey
1. identify research Q (purpose, target population) --> state guiding Qs (develop hypotheses, review literature)
2. develop preliminary items --> expert panel (reviews) --> revise items --> pilot test (data from sample representatives) --> back to revise items --> finalize items, format survey
3. obtain IRB approval --> select sample, contact respondents --> distribute questionnaire
developing content for a survey
-question writing (use existing instruments when applicable)
-expert review of draft Qs
-pilot testing
-revisions
open vs close-ended questions
-open-ended Qs: ask respondents to answer in their OWN words
-close-ended Qs: ask respondents to select and answer from among several fixed choices
(multiple choice Qs, dichotomous Qs, check all that apply, measuring intensity, checklists, measurement scales, visual analog scales, rank-order Qs)
discuss the characteristics of good survey questions
-every Q should be answerable by every subject
-Qs should be easy to answer
-consider recall of info
-consider if respondents will be honest
-try to use a variety of Q types
-Qs should generate varied responses
how should questions be worded ?
-purposeful language
-avoid bias
-clarity
-avoid double-barreled Qs
-frequency and time-measures
-sensitive Qs
how should the formatting be for a survey ?
-question order
(follow thought process)
-length of survey
(long surveys less likely to be completed)
-demographics
(include Qs that can characterize the sample of respondents)
what sampling is used ?
-probability vs non-probability sampling
-sampling errors
-response rates
-sample size
how to contact the respondents ?
-prior to the survey
-the cover letter
-follow-up communication
(reminders to facilitate an increased return rate, thank participants)
what are the ethics in survey research ?
institutional review board (IRB) review and approval
informed consent
(submission of questionnaire is considered informed consent, may be included in cover letter, face to face interviews provide a form to sign, for phone interviews= provide full information at the start of call to obtain verbal consent)
how do you analyze survey results ?
-coding
(closed choice responses, open-ended responses)
-summarizing survey data
(figures, cross-tabulations)
-missing data