Massey et al. 1998

Zelinskys model

________: emphasis on proximity to a receiving area.

economic growth

Push- pull framework: migration enables a certain equilibrium to be achieved between forces of ________ and contraction in different geographical regions.

Mercantile period

________: flows out of Europe due to colonization and economic growth.

Humans

________ are a migratory species.

European shift

The ________ from exporting to importing labour was notable because it involved the widespread movement of migrants to countries that were not intensive in land.

Macro theory

________: international migration is caused by geographic differences in supply of and demand for labour.

Micro theory

________: individuals decide to migrate because a cost- benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive net return, usually monetary, from movement.

Immigrant

________: are no longer perceived as wanted or needed.

Neoclassical economic perspective

________: economic disparities alone are not enough to explain international movement.

Post industrial migration

________: immigration became global and immigrants entered countries of the Third World.

Mercantile period

flows out of Europe due to colonization and economic growth

Industrial period

migration out of Europe and into the Americas/Oceania due to the spread of industrialism to former colonies in the New World

Period of limited migration

adoption of restrictive immigration laws

Post-industrial migration

immigration became global and immigrants entered countries of the Third World

Today

imbalance between labour supply and demand in the Third World

Immigrant

are no longer perceived as wanted or needed

Neoclassical economic perspective

economic disparities alone are not enough to explain international movement

Zelinskys model

emphasis on proximity to a receiving area

Push-pull framework

migration enables a certain equilibrium to be achieved between forces of economic growth and contraction in different geographical regions

Macro-theory

international migration is caused by geographic differences in supply of and demand for labour

Micro-theory

individuals decide to migrate because a cost-benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive net return, usually monetary, from movement

New economics of migration

migration decisions are made by large units of related people (families, communities) in which people act collectively to maximize expected income and minimize risks and to loosen constraints associated with various kinds of market failures

Segmented labour market theory

international migration stems from the intrinsic labour demands of modern industrial societies

Historical-structural theory

because political power in unequally distributed across nations, the expansion of global capitalism acted to perpetuate inequalities and reinforce a stratified economic order

Social capital theory

social capital plays a positive role in the acquisition and accumulation of other forms of capital and is a strong influence for migrant workers

Theory of cumulative causation

over time, international migration tends to sustain itself in ways that make additional movement progressively more likely