a&p unit 1

cranial -head

caudal- below head

spleen

upper left hypochondriac region

control system componets

receptor, control center, effector, response

inorganic molcules

CO2 and CO

carbohydrate componets

C, H, O, H:O 2:1, (CH20)n n- number of C

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

macromolecules built and broken via

dehydration make, hydrolysis break

pentose

ribose, deoxyribose

hextose sugars

glucose (blood sugar), galactose, fructose

glucose + fructose

sucrose

glucose + glucose

maltose

galactose +glucose

lactose

lipids composition

C, H, O, sometimes P

lipids include

phospholipids, triglyceride, cholesterol (sterols)

triglycerides- neutral fat

fats solid, oil liquid

3 fatty acid chains to glycerol molecule

triglyceride functions

energy storage, isulation, protection

phospholipids

modified triglyceride- glycerol, 2 fatty acid, P

steroids

interlocking four-ring structure; most important is cholesterol

cholesterol

in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, bile salts

fat soluable vitamins

A, D, E, K

water soluable vitamins

B, C- urinated out

lipoprotiens

transports fats in the blood

globular

3 and 4 form

fibrous

2nd form

elements in protiens

C, H. O. N. some S and P - CHONPS

nucleic acids

CHONP; nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

purines

A and G- double ring

pyrimidines

single ring T and C

ATP

modified RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups

A = T

G triple C

mRNA

encodes proteins

interstitial fluid

IF= ECF- is extracellular fluid

integral proteins

transmembrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, transport protein channels and carriers, enzymes, or receptors

peripheral protiens

loosely attached integral protiens, inlcude fillaments on intracellular surface for membrane support, function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape, cell-to-cell connections

membrane protein functions

transport, receptors, attachment to cytoskeleton, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining

glycocalyx

sugar covering- helps with cell recognition pa

passive diffusion

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration via capillary walls

channel mediated facilitated diffusion

leakage channels (always open), gated channels (controlled)

glycocalyx includes the

glycoproteins, glycolipids

active processes

active transport and vesicular transport

active transport

carrier proteins (pumps)- against gradient

primary- gets E from ATP

secondary- gets E from ionic gradients (indirectly)

sodium potassium pump

pump called Na+-K+ ATPase, use leakage channels to slow concentration gradients, K+ moves out faster than NA cuased RMP; makes electrochemical gradient; 3 Na out, 2 K in

replication- protein synthesis

DNA to RNA

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to protien

vesicular transport

transport of large particles via vesicles-

endocytosis- phagocytosis, pinocytosis

exocytosis

transcytosis- transport into across out cell

vesicular trafficking0 transport form one area or organelle to another

cell voltage

-50 to -100 mV- cell negative to outside

Na to K ratio

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in - want more Na out then K in

replication- DNA

DNA to RNA

helicase split open

polymerase add nucleotides

ligase splices short segments of strands together

gene

exons- code for amnio acids

introns- non-sequencing segments

hypertrophy

organ size enlarged- same number of cells

hyperplasia

increases cell numbers when needed- can be harmful

free cells vs bound cells

bound cells connected via junctions

tight junctions

adjacent integral proteins fused together- prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells- good for absorption and protection in ET

desmosomes

rivets or spot-welds- anchor cells together at plaques (thick plasma mem. spots)- look like velcro- reduces tearing possibilities

gap junctions

transmembrane protiens from pores (connexons)- allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell- cell to cell recgonition, exchange, small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells- looks like channels

membranous organelles

mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi app

non-membranous organelles

centrioles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

mitocondria

energy maker- ATP, has own ribosomes, RNA, DNA, and can do cell fission

free ribosomes

synthesize souluable protiens in cytosol or orther organelles - IN CELL

membrane-bound ribosomes

in rough ER- synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell- OUT CELL PROTIENS

ER

continuous with other nuclear membrane; rough and smooth

rough ER

ribosomes on surface. manufactures all secreted proteins; makes integral proteins and phospholipids, assembled proteins move to ER interior, vesicle, then ship to golgi app.

smooth ER

continuous with rough ER. enzymes- integral proteins- lipid metabolism, absorption, transport of FATS, DETOX, glycogen to free glycose, storage and release of CALCIUM

golgi apparatus

modifies, concentrates, packages protiens, lipids from rough ER, transport vessels from ER fuse with CIS face; protiens modified, tagged for delivery, packaged in vesicles

vesicles from trans face golgi

secretory vesicles (granules)- release export proteins

vesicles of lipids and transmembrane proteins for plasma membrane or organelles

lysosomes containing digestive enzymes remain in cell

peroxisomes

sacs with oxidases (convert to H2O2) and catalases (H2O2 to H2O and O2)- enzymes

detoxify harmful or toxic substances

catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids

NEUTRALIZE dangerous FREE RADICALS- reactive chemicals

lysosomes

metabolic functions and destroy nonuseful things- autolysis, degrade nonfunctional organelles

endomembrane system

ER, GOLGI, SECRETORY VESSICLES, LYSOSOMES, NUCLEAR AND PLASMA MEMBRANE

microfilaments

thinnest cytoskeletal element; actin strands; strenght and conpression resistance

intermediate filaments

tough, insoluable, ropelike protien; tetramer fibrils, resistance to pulling forces

microtubules

largest; hollow tubes; from centrosome, uses tubulins- determines cell shape

cilia

moves substances across cell surfaces

flagella

runs and tumbles

microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

epithelial

covers; boundaries, secretes, absorbs, filters, linking of digestive tract organs- epidermis

ET types

covering and lining epithelia, glandular epithelia; secretory tissues in glands

polarity in cells

apical surface- upper free; basal surface lower attached

apical surface of ET

smooth, slick, microvilli, or cilia

basal surface

adhesive, fibers

no blood vessels in ET

CT support

simple squamous epithelium

flattened, cytoplasm sparse, function for diffusion- lungs, kidneys

endothelium

lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart

mesothelium

ET of serous membranes in ventral body cavity

simple cuboidal ET

secretion and absorption are needed; forms walls of smallest ducts of GLANDS and kidney tubules

simple columnar ET

absorption and secretion are needed lining of digestive and respiratory tracts ex. stomach to rectum, gallbladder, some of uterus

pseudostratified columnar ET

appears stratified but is not; secretion and absorption- lining of TRACHEA, sperms carrying ducts

stratified ET

more durable

stratified squamous ET

located for wear and tear- lining of mouth and vagina, epidermis of skin

stratified cuboidal ET

rare; some sweat and mammary glands

stratified columnar ET

limited distribution in body, small amounts in pharynx, lining of some glandular ducts, male urethra

transitional epithelium

forms in lining of hollow urinary organs, change chape with stretch, lined the ureters, bladder, and part of urethra

glandular epithelia

in glands- secreted aqueous fluid

unicellular exocrine glands

mucous cells and goblet cells- produce mucin

endrocrine glands

ductless glands- secret by exocytosis to target organs

exocrine glands

excrete to skin surfaceor body cavities

mulitcellular exocrine glands

duct and secretory unit, surrounded by CT

CT types

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

blood