Chemistry Constants and Potentials

Flashcards covering key solubility products, physical constants, conversion factors, standard reduction potentials, specific heats, heats of transformation, molal constants, and ionization constants from the lecture notes.

Solubility Product (Ksp)

A measure of the solubility of a sparingly soluble ionic compound, equal to the product of the concentrations of the ions in a saturated solution, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient.

Al(OH)3 (Aluminum Hydroxide) Ksp

1.9 x 10^-33

Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium Hydroxide) Ksp

1.5 x 10^-11

Hg2Cl2 (Mercury(I) Chloride) Ksp

1.1 x 10^-18

AgCl (Silver Chloride) Ksp

1.8 x 10^-10

PbSO4 (Lead(II) Sulfate) Ksp

1.8 x 10^-8

Speed of light (c)

3.00 x 10^8 m/s

Planck's constant (h)

6.63 x 10^-34 J⋅s

Avogadro's Number (NA)

6.02 x 10^23 particles/mole

Faraday's constant (F)

96,485 C/mole e-

Molar gas constant (R)

0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K, 8.314 J/mol⋅K, 1.987 cal/mol⋅K

Mass of electron (me)

0.00055 amu

Conversion: 0 °C to Kelvin

273 K

Conversion: 1.00 atm to torr

760 torr

Conversion: 1 inch to cm

2.54 cm (exact)

Standard Reduction Potential (E°)

The measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced, expressed in volts, at standard conditions (1 M concentration, 1 atm pressure, 25°C).

Li+ (aq) + e- → Li(s) E°

-3.045 V

Mg2+(aq) + 2e- → Mg(s) E°

-2.37 V

Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) E°

-0.763 V

2H+ (aq) + 2e- → H2(g) E°

0.00 V (reference electrode)

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) E°

0.337 V

Ag+ (aq) + e- → Ag(s) E°

0.7994 V

F2(g) + 2e- → 2F-(aq) E°

2.87 V

Specific Heat (c)

The amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.

Specific Heat of H2O (liquid)

4.18 J/g⋅°C

Specific Heat of H2O (solid)

2.09 J/g⋅°C

Specific Heat of Hg (liquid)

0.138 J/g⋅°C

Melting Point (MP) of H2O

0.00 °C

Boiling Point (BP) of H2O

100 °C

Heat of Fusion (ΔHfus)

The amount of energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.

Heat of Fusion for H2O

334 J/g

Heat of Vaporization (ΔHvap)

The amount of energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

Heat of Vaporization for H2O

2260 J/g

Molal Freezing Point Constant (Kf)

The constant that relates the change in freezing point to the molal concentration of a solute in a solvent. For H2O, Kf is 1.86 °C/m.

Molal Boiling Point Constant (Kb)

The constant that relates the change in boiling point to the molal concentration of a solute in a solvent. For H2O, Kb is 0.512 °C/m.

Acid Ionization Constant (Ka)

A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution, representing the equilibrium constant for its dissociation into ions.

Ka for Acetic Acid

1.8 x 10^-5

Ka for Hydrofluoric Acid

7.2 x 10^-4

Ka1 for Carbonic Acid

4.2 x 10^-7

Base Ionization Constant (Kb)

A quantitative measure of the strength of a base in solution, representing the equilibrium constant for its reaction with water to form hydroxide ions.

Kb for Ammonia

1.8 x 10^-5

Kb for Methylamine

5.0 x 10^-4

E° in Basic Solution (2H2O + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH-(aq))

-0.828 V