SCH4U Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbon

C_xH_y

Saturated

all carbons bonded to 4 other atoms

Unsaturated

state of carbons when double or triple bonds exist within an organic compound

Homologous Series

series of compounds of same family with the same general formula

Common Structure Unit

how do compouds of a homologous series differ from each other

increased physical properties

more common structural units in hydrocarbon

Alipatic Hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon with a straight chain

branched, aromatic/cyclic

types of non-alipatic hydrocarbon

internal angle of hexagon is greater than preferred angle of triple bonds

why do cyclic alkynes not exist?

Sterically unfavorable

unfavorable due to atoms or groups of atoms within a compound (e - e expulsion)

Aromatic Compound

compound that contain Benzene ring

sp2

hybridization of carbon atoms in Benzene

Haloalkane/Organic Hallide

organic compound with halogen atom(s)

london dispersion

IMF acting on aliphatic hydrocarbons

dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on haloalkanes

Hydroxyl

OH group

Alcohol

functional group that is important for hydration reactions

hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on alcohols

dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on ethers

Carbonyl

a functional group that contains a double-bonded oxygen to a carbon

dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on carbonyls

ketone has more electron dense atoms

why does keytone have higher IMF than aldehyde?

Functional Group

reactive group of atoms with distinct property and name

hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on carboxylic acid

O=C and HO=C balances out dipoles

why does carboxylic acid have less IMF than alcohol

dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on esters

hydrogen bonding(prim., sec.), dipole-dipole, london dispersion

IMF acting on amine and amide

N-H is less polar than O-H

why do amine and amide have less IMF than alcohol

C=O and HN-C balances out dipole

why does amide have less IMF than amine

Structural Isomer

atoms’ arrangement changes; different connectivity

Geometric Isomer

different groups positioned around a double bond; same connectivity

Chain Isomer

straight main chain and side chains

Position Isomer

important groups moved around the skeleton

Functional Group Isomers

different homogenous series despite having same formula

Cis-

large group on the same side across double bond

Trans-

large group on the opposite side across double bond

polar bonds are all on one side

why do cis compounds have higher physical properties