bio the final battle

Geologic Time Scale

is the “calendar” for events in Earth history

Geologic Time Scale

contains remarkable development in the evolution of life, the stages in the evolution of continents, the origin and evolution of life and their proliferations or mass-extnction

Phanerozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean (Pre-Archean)

4 eons from youngest to oldest

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

Eras under Phanerozoic Eon from youngest to oldest

Quaternary, Neogene, and Paleogene

Periods under Cenozoic era from youngest to oldest

Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

Periods under Mesozoic era from youngest to oldest

Permian, Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Mississippian), Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian

Periods under Paleozoic era from youngest to oldest

Holocene, Pleistocene, Pilocene, Milocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene

Epochs under Cenozoic era from youngest to oldest

Eon

is an immeasurably or indefinitely period of time, span of ONE BILLION years

4\.6-4 BYA

Hadean eon

Hadean Eon

the solar system was forming within a cloud of dust and gas known as the **solar nebula**, which eventually spawned **asteroids, comets, moons, and planets**

Hadean Eon

the Earth was just a **ball of hot rock**

4-2.5 BYA

Archean Eon

Archean Eon

the **continental shield rock** began to form

Archean Eon

approximately **70 percent of the continental landmass was formed**

Archean Eon

small **“island”** landmasses floated in the molten **“seas.”**

Archean Eon

Earth had acquired **enough mass** to **hold a reducing atmosphere** composed of *methane, ammonia, and other gases*

Archean Eon

water from comets and hydrated minerals condensed in the atmosphere and fell as **torrential rain**, **cooling the planet and filling the first oceans with liquid water**

2\.5 BYA

Proterozoic Eon

Proterozoic Eon

different types of **prokaryotic organisms** formed **symbiotic relationships**

540 MYA

Phanerozoic Eon

early life

Paleozoic Era

middle life

Mesozoic Era

new life

Cenozoic Era

Age of Invertebrates

Paleozoic Era

Age of Reptiles

Mesozoic Era

Age of Mammals

Cenozoic Era

541-252 MYA

Paleozoic Era

Paleozoic Era

Life was **primitive** and included many **invertebrates** and the **earliest fish and amphibians**

541-485 MYA

Cambrian Period

485-444 MYA

Ordovician Period

444-419 MYA

Silurian Period

Cambrian Period

explosion of life

Ordivician Period

mosses, plants **without deep roots or leaves**

Silurian Period

**First land plants** appear **vascular plants with veins (Cooksonia)** and follow by **land animals**

Cambrian Period

all existing **phyla** come into being at this time

Cambrian Period

**life forms in warm seas as oxygen levels rise** enough to support life

Cambrian Period

Dominant animals: Marine invertebrates, (brachiopods) protective shells and exoskeletons, arthropods(trilobites ), horseshoe crabs, crinoids/sea lilies, vertebrates, jawless fish, algae

Cambrian Period

Supercontinent **Gondwana forms** near the __South Pole__

Ordovician Period

Dominant animals: marine invertebrates including corals and trilobites

Ordovician Period

A **very cold time** in Earth’s history: there was a **great extinction due to ice caps**

Ordovician Period

Four main continents: **Gondwana, Baltica, Siberia and Laurentia**

Silurian Period

Large coral reefs, fish with jaws, scorpions, millipede-like

Silurian Period

**First millipede fossils and sea scorpions (**Euryptides) found in this period

419-359 MYA

Devonian Period

359-299 MYA

Carboniferous Period

299-252 MYA

Permian Period

Devonian Period

Dominant animal: **fish**

Devonian Period

Trees and the forest, ferns, seed producing plants

Devonian Period

Sharks, lobe-finned fish, proto-amphibians, insects, centipedes

Devonian Period

Pre-Pangea forms

Carboniferous Period

formally divided into two major subdivisions: Mississippian and Pennsylvanian

358\.9 -323.2 MYA

Mississippian Period

323\.2-298.9 MYA

Pennsylvanian Period

Carboniferous Period

**Reptiles, lizards and winged insects** (like dagonflies and mayflies) first appear

Permian Period

last period of PaleozoicPe

Permian Period

Pangea forms

Permian Period

**Reptiles spread** across continents

Permian Period

The Appalachians rise

Permian Period

**90% of Earth’s species become extinct** due to volcanism in Siberia

Permian Period

This marks the **end of trilobites, ammonoids, blastoids, and most fish**

252-66 MYA

Mesozoic Era

Mesozoic Era

**Pangaea began separating** into the modern continents, and the **modern Rocky Mountains rose**

Mesozoic Era

Dinosaurs, crocodiles, and pterosaurs ruled the land and air

Mesozoic Era

is the time of the dinosaurs

Mesozoic Era

It **ended with a massive meteorite** impact that caused a mass extinction, **wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth**

252-201 MYA

Triassic Period

201-145 MYA

Jurassic Period

145-66 MYA

Cretaceous Period

Triassic Period

First dinosaurs appear

Triassic Period

First mammals - *small rodents* appear

Triassic Period

Life and fauna re-diversify

Triassic Period

Rocky Mountains form

Triassic Period

First turtle fossil from

Triassic Period

Pangea begins to break apart

Triassic Period

Conifers, cycads, ferns

Jurassic Period

Pangea still breaking apart

Jurassic Period

“Golden age of dinosaurs”

Jurassic Period

First birds appear

Jurassic Period

Giant-plant eating dinosaurs, flying reptiles, tiny mammals bigger than rats, plankton, whale-sized marine reptiles

Jurassic Period

Cycads

Cretaceous Period

T-Rex develops

Cretaceous Period

First snakes and primates appear

Cretaceous Period

First flowering plants

Cretaceous Period

Mass extinction marks the end of this era, with the **demise of dinosaurs and 25% of all marine life**

Cretaceous Period

Ants, termites, bees, butterflies, aphids, grasshoppers

66 MYA-present

Cenozoic Era

Paleogene and Neogene

Tertiary Period

Paleocene Epoch, Eocene Epoch, Oligocene Epoch

Epochs under Paleogene period from oldest to youngest

Miocene Epoch, Pilocene Epoch

Epochs under Neogene period from oldest to youngest

66-56 MYA

Paleocene Epoch

Paleocene Epoch

First horses appear and tropical plants dominate

Paleocene Epoch

Rodents, armadillos, primitive primates, mammalian carnivores, bear, snakes, turtles, lizard, crocodiles

Paleocene Epoch

Pines, cacti, palm trees, flowering plants

56-34 MYA

Eocene Epoch

Eocene Epoch

Sea level rises

Eocene Epoch

Whales, bats, primitive elephants, rhinos, hoofed animals, giant mammals, penguins, pelicans, ducks, gulls

Eocene Epoch

Flowering plants

34-23 MYA

Oligocene Epoch

Oligocene Epoch

Dogs, cats, apes appear, hornless rhinoceros