Brain and Behavior PSY 230

The Coolidge Effect refers to the fact __________________

A sexually fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one.

An advantage of conducting biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that __________________

The brains of nonhumans are simpler

One advantage of studying humans rather than other species in biopsychological research is that humans ______________________

Are often cheaper to obtain as research participants

The human brain is composed of various cells, including those specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals, known as ___________________

Neurons

In psychobiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the __________________

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is true?

All sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are 2-stage neuropaths

Which of the thalamic nuclei relays visual information?

Lateral Geniculate

Adhering to the surface of the CNS is the ______________

Pia Mater

Which structure generally acts to conserve the body's energy?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Which part of the neuron is sometimes myelinated?

Axon

Whether a neuron fires is determined by

the net effect of synaptic activity at the receptive area of that neuron (excitatory potentials).

Sodium potassium pumps transport ________________ for every _________________

3 Na+ out of a cell for every 2 K+ into the cell

The end of the rising phase of an action potential ends when the _____________________

Sodium channels open

Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons?

Monoamines

Sodium potassium pumps are ___________________

Transporters

Neurotrophins are ____________________

supplied by neurons by synaptic targets

The course of human cognitive development is thought to reflect the development of the __________________

Prefrontal Cortex

The radial pattern of migration is referred to as __________________

Inside-out

The vast majority of experiential effects on development have been found to occur during __________________________

Critical Periods

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) usually becomes apparent _________________

before the age of 3 years

Biopsychology is the study of the _____________________

Biology of behavior

What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?

It focuses on the study of behavior

The specific division of the nervous system that regulates the body's inner environment is the __________________

Autonomic Nervous system

Biopsychology is a branch or division of ______________

Neuroscience

The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called _________________.

Morgan's Cannon

Anatomically, the top of a dog's head is ___________________

Dorsal

The subarachnoid space is located just outside the _______________

Pia mater

The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are _________________

meninges

A cut in which anatomical plane would sever all of the cerebral commissures (the tract that connect the left and right hemispheres).

midsagittal

Which structure is part of the limbic system?

Septum

Which passive force acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons?

Electrostatic pressure/random motion

Which substance is found in neurons that release norepinephrine?

Dopamine

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons ____________________

Are faster than unmyelinated axons

How does the summation of PSPs occur?

Over space and over time

Active conduction is to passive conduction as

APs are to EPSPs

In most adult mammals, substantial neurogenesis occurs in the _____________

Hippocampus

Many new neural tube cells migrate radially

Along radial glial cells

New neurons are continually generated in the ______________________

Subventricular zone of the lateral ventrical

Perservative errors are often made by children between the ages of ______________________

7 and 12 months

After the formation of the neural tube, the number of cells destined to become part of the adult nervous system __________________________.

Increases rapidly

The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she _____________

Is sexually receptive

Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory whereas others conduct __________________

Ethological Research

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of _________________

Behavior

Experimental evidence indicates that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by _______________

Thiamine Deficiency

Morgan's Canon is

An operating principle

The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of _____________

Many proteins and other large molecules

The functional cortical area in the telencephalon involved in hearing and language is the __________________________

Superior temporal gyrus (Warnicke's area)

A major limbic tract is the _____________________

Fornix

The corpus callosum is the human brain's largest ____________

Commissure (bundle of nerve fibers)

Which structure is part of the Tegmentum?

periaqueductal gray

substantia nigra

red nucleus

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated by _________________

Reuptake

Action potentials are said to be all-or-none responses, this means that action potentials ___________________________

Occur fully or not at all

Acetylcholine is created y the addition of acetyl group to _________________

a choline molecule

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on

ribosomes

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by ________________

electrostatic pressure

The disruptive effects of total visual deprivation of the left eye on subsequent vision through the left eye are greater when the ___________________________

deprivation happens early in life

Neurotrophins can ________________________

Guide (axon guidance molecules)

How long does one eye have to be deprived of stimulation early in lfie in order to reduce its ability to activate the visual cortex?

A few days

The neural crest is _____________

Dorsal to the neural tube (the top)

Tinnitus in adults _______________

leads to a reorganization of the primary visual cortex

The science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline around the ___________________

1940's

The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was _______________________

Performed by Almeida Lima

All of the following are major divisions of biopsychology with the exception of ________________________

Clinical Psychology

The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is ______________________________

Physiological Psychology

The primary symptom of Karsakoff's Syndrome is _____________________________

Severe Memory Loss

The CNS is composed of 2 divisions _______________________

The brain and spinal cord

Most of a neurons DNA is contained in its ____________________

Nucleus

The myelencephalon is ________________________

The medulla

The largest cerebral commissure is the ____________________________

Corpus Callosum

PNS is to CNS as Schwann Cells are to _____________________

Oligodendrocytes

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more _________________ compared to inside the membranes

Na+ Ions

EPSPs are ____________________

graded responses.

postsynaptic responses.

transmitted decrementally.

depolarizations.

In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that ________________________

Are less diffuse

Which substance is synthesized directly from tyrosine?

L-dopa

A neuron normally fires when ____________________

The degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation

Neuron Death _____________________

is a part of normal early neural development

What is the current consensus regarding the patterns of proliferation and migration of cortical cells?

Different for different areas of the cortex

Children diagnosed with ASD are also likely to display _______________________

Intellectual Disabilities

The neural plate develops directly into the _________________

Dorsal surface of the embryo

Dendritic branching during postnatal development follow a(n) _____________________ pattern similar to that of neural migration during prenatal development

Inside out