Chapter 6 vocab

Meroe

A major city and later capital of the Kingdom of Kush (in present‑day Sudan), flourishing from about 800 BCE to 350 CE. Known for its iron production, pyramids, and long‑distance trade with Egypt, the Mediterranean, and sub‑Saharan Africa.

Axum (Aksum)

An ancient kingdom located in present‑day Ethiopia and Eritrea, thriving from around 100 CE to 600 CE. It became a major trading empire, adopted Christianity early, and minted its own coins.

Teotihuacan

A massive Mesoamerican city (100 BCE–550 CE) located near modern Mexico City, known for its pyramids, grid layout, and influence across Central America.

Chavín

A pre‑Incan civilization in the Andes (900–200 BCE), centered at Chavín de Huántar in Peru. Known for its religious influence, stone carvings, and spread of cultural styles.

Moche

A pre‑Incan civilization on the northern coast of Peru (100–700 CE), famous for its irrigation systems, metalwork, and realistic pottery depicting daily life.

Bantu

A large group of African peoples who share related languages and whose migrations (starting around 1000 BCE) spread agriculture, ironworking, and cultural practices across sub‑Saharan Africa.

Annex

To add territory to a country, often by force or political pressure.

Arbitrary

Based on personal whim, chance, or random choice rather than reason or rules.

Assimilate

To absorb or integrate into a larger culture, group, or system.

Atrocity

An extremely cruel, violent, or wicked act, especially during war or conflict.

Emulate

To imitate someone or something in order to match or surpass them.

Equivocal

Unclear, ambiguous, or open to multiple interpretations; often intentionally vague.

Exacerbate

To make a problem, situation, or feeling worse.

Flagrant

Shockingly obvious or offensive; done openly without shame.

Fractious

Irritable, unruly, or difficult to control; prone to causing trouble.

Fortuitous

Happening by chance, often in a lucky or beneficial way.

Instigate

To provoke, start, or stir up an action—often trouble or conflict.

Insurgent

A person who rises in revolt against an established government or authority.

Irreverence

A lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously.

Negligent

Failing to take proper care in doing something; careless.