1. States of Matter GCSE

bonding for each state

☯ solid: strong
☯ liquid: weaker than solids
☯ gas: weak

arrangement for each state

☯ solid: regular
☯ liquid: random
☯ gas: random

shape of each state

☯ solid: stays the same shape
☯ liquid: takes the shape of its container
☯ gas: spreads to fill container

ability to compress each state

☯ solid: hard to compress
☯ liquid: hard to compress but might change shape
☯ gas: easy to compress

movement for each state

☯ solid: cannot move. only vibrates
☯ liquid: moves and flows easily
☯ gas: moves and flows easily, bounces off walls of container or each other

particle energy for each state

☯ solid: very little energy
☯ liquid: some energy
☯ gas: lots of energy

why is it easy to compress a gas and not a liquid or solid?

gases have more space between their particles and are easier to compress. solids and liquids don't have enough space between their particles for compression to happen.

particle arrangement for a solid

tightly packed lattice structure

particle arrangement for a liquid

regular but not as tightly packed as a solid

particle arrangement for a gas

lots of space between particles which float and bounce off surfaces

solid to liquid

melting

liquid to gas

boiling and/or evaporation

gas to liquid

condensation

liquid to solid

freezing (or) solidification

solid to gas

sublimation

diffusion

the random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

speed of diffusion (fastest to slowest)

☯ gas
☯ liquid
☯ solid(cannot diffuse because the particles can only vibrate)

why is the white ring closer to the HCl?

ammonia is lighter than the hydrogen chloride and so, moves faster to form the white solid ring of ammonium chloride(NH₄Cl) closer to the hydrogen chloride

why does the solid ring not appear immediately?

air particles collide with the gas particles, slowing both NH₃ and HCl particles down.

what speed does gas travel at? (not essential)

500 m/s

boiling/evaporation (temperature difference)

boiling can only happen when a liquid is heated strongly.
evaporation can happen at any temperature.

boiling/evaporation (particles escaping)

boiling: many particles move fast enough to break all forces of attraction.
evaporation: some faster particles escape from the surface of the liquid to form a gas.

boiling/evaporation (bubbles)

boiling: yes
evaporation: no

melting and boiling point are below 25°C

gas

melting and boiling point are more than 25°C

solid

melting point is below 25, boiling point is more than 25

liquid