9th Grade Biology Unit 7

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in organisms.

Hormones

Chemical messengers regulating physiological processes.

Tropism

Plant growth response to environmental stimuli.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Flower

Reproductive structure in angiosperms.

Sepal

Protective leaf-like structure of a flower.

Petals

Colorful flower parts attracting pollinators.

Stamen

Male reproductive part of a flower.

Gymnosperm

Seed-producing plants with exposed seeds. Cones.

Angiosperm

Flowering plants producing seeds in fruits.

Ovary

Part of the pistil containing ovules.

Ovule

Structure that develops into a seed.

Style

Stalk connecting ovary to stigma.

Anther

Pollen-producing part of the stamen.

Fruit

Mature ovary containing seeds.

Gamete

Reproductive cell involved in fertilization.

Pollen

Male gamete in seed plants.

Pistil/Carpel

Female reproductive structure of a flower.

Stigma

Sticky tip of the pistil for pollen reception.

Seed

Embryo plant enclosed in a protective coat.

Leaf

Photosynthetic organ of a plant.

Stomata

Small openings for gas exchange in leaves.

Guard cell

Cells regulating stomatal openings.

Transpiration

Water vapor loss from plant surfaces.

Vascular tissue

Plant tissue for transport of nutrients.

Xylem

Vascular tissue transports water and minerals. UP

Phloem

Vascular tissue transporting sugars and nutrients.

Root system

Underground part anchoring and absorbing nutrients.

Root

Plant organ anchoring it to the ground.

Root hair

Extensions increasing surface area for absorption.

Shoot system

Above-ground part of the plant.

Stem

Supports plant and transports nutrients.

Capsid

Protein coat surrounding a virus.

Bacteriophage

Virus that infects bacteria.

Lytic cycle

Viral replication leading to host cell lysis.

Lysis

Destruction of a cell by a virus.

Lysogenic cycle

Viral DNA integrates into host genome.

Pathogen

Microorganism causing disease.

Retrovirus

Virus with RNA that converts to DNA using reverse transcriptase

Vaccine

Substance stimulating immune response against pathogens.

Host cell

Cell infected by a virus.

Prophage

what a bacteriophage becomes once viral DNA is integrated into a bacterial genome  

Thigmotropism

when a plant will respond to touch from an external source

Geotropism/Gravitropism

the growth of the parts of plants with respect to the force of gravity.

Phototropism

the movement of a plant or plant part in response to light

Hydrotropism

a plant's growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration.

provirus

what virus becomes once viral DNA is integrated into a host genome

Monocot

flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon

dicot

a flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons (seed leaves)

ground tissue

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular, most of plant

dermal tissue

the outer protective layer of a plant (““plant skin“)

vascular plants

roots, stem, leaves, and vascular tissue

non-vascular tissue

lack vascular tissue such as xylem and phloem, also lack true leaves, stems, and roots

taproot

main root  that grows vertically down

fibrous roots

located closer to the surface; help prevent soil erosion

herbaceous stem

thin, soft and green

Woody stem

taller, thicker and harder (bark)

meristems

undifferentiated plant cells

primary growth

occurs at the tips of roots and shoots (stems)

Secondary growth

occurs in lateral meristems, causing roots and stems to thicken

Gibberellins

cause the plant to grow; stop seed dormancy

Cytokinins

cause plant cells to divide; prevent the process of aging

Auxins

play a role in plant growth and plant tropisms