Japan

1. Stone age/ Archaic Japan

30,000 BC - 552 AD

2. Birth of a central state

552 - 710 AD

3. Age of courtiers

710 - 1185 AD

4. Medieval and Feudal

1185 - 1868 AD

5. Modern Japan

1868 - present

5 IMPORTANT PERIOD IN JAPANESE HISTORY

IZANAGI (M) & IZANAMI (F)

Two important deities according to Japanese legends

jeweled spear

IZANAGI & IZANAMI were given a ___, which they thrust(pierce) down the earth and stirred up a tiny islet and there they set about creating the rest of the islands which are now part of the archipelago of Japan.

AMATERASU

Izanagi designated ___, as the Sun Goddess, to be the principal ruler of the Universe.

NINIGI-no-MIKOTO

Amaterasu, then bequeathed her grandson, ___ to succeed her and gave him three things to become the symbols of his power

SWORD, MIRROR, and JEWEL

NINIGI-no-MIKOTO's symbols of power (3)

Hirohito

It is believed that all Emperors of Japan are believed to have descended from the Sun Goddess and are believed to be a living God, at least up to the time of the Showa Emperor ___.

1. JOMON

2. YAYOI

3. YAMATO (KOFUN)

4. ASUKA OR LATE YAMATO

5. NARA

6. HEIAN (emerging aristocracy)

7. KAMAKURA

8. MUROMACHI - ASHIKAGA

9. AZUCHI - MOMOYAMA

10. EDO - TOKUGAWA

11. TRANSITION PERIOD

JAPANESE DYNASTIES (11)

YAYOI

Metal working, pottery wheel, irrigated rice cultivation from Korea were developed in this dynasty.

ASUKA OR LATE YAMATO

Buddhism, Calligraphy

KATAKANA, HIRAGANA, KANJI were developed in this dynasty.

Prince Shotoku

- Introduced into Japan Chinese political theory and Buddhism.

- In 1604 AD he issued a code of moral laws which have been called Japan's first constitution. This code borrowed the Chinese idea of supreme power residing in the emperor.

- He unified the Japanese people by changing there allegiance from clan to emperor.

Taika/Taikwa reform

First land reform program; benefited a lot of serfs (land redistribution).

Taiho code of 701

Political reorganization of Japan, establishing a series of ministries of state similar to China.

NARA

- First permanent capital of Japan

- Golden age of Buddhism

KOJIKI

Records of Ancient Matters

NIHONJI

Chronicles of Japan

Collection of Myriad leaves

Collections of Poetry

Heian - Kyo (Kyoto)

2nd capital of Japan

Lady Murasaki Shikibu (Fujiwara Family)

wrote the Tale of the Genji

Geisha

highly paid Japanese women entertainers

MAIKO

apprentice of Geisha

Tale of the Genji / Genji Monogatary

the worlds first novel

Minamoto yoritomo

first Japanese Shogun in history

Shogun

- "Great Barbarians Subduing General" (Sei-i-tai-Shogun)

- Military General / actual power of Government is in his hands, next to emperor

Bakufu (shogunate)

Military headquarters / Camp

Daimyos

Provincial Lords / Territorial nobles / Hereditary Feudal Lords apponited by Shoguns

Bushi / samurai warrior

"Fighting Men" / Compared to Medieval Knights of Europe

Tachi

Swords / "Soul of the Samurai"

Bushido

Way of the Warrior / Code of Laws of Samurai Warrior

Ninja

Secret Agents / "Art of Stealth" / Practitioners of Ninjutsu / Spies, Terrorists, Assassins hired by Noble families

Seppuku/ hara-kiri

Belly Slitting / " To immolate one's self to one's Lord

*General Akashi Gidayu preparing to commit Seppuku after losing a battle for his master in 1582

Zen Buddhism

Japanese Buddhism

Satori

Meditation

Ikebana

Art of Flower Arrangement

Bonsai

Art of Dwarfing Trees

Chanoyu

Art of Tea Ceremony

Kublai khan - Kamikaze

"Divine Winds"

Onin war

Civil War that devastated Kyoto

Oda Nobunaga

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Shogun/ Japanese Warlords

EDO-TOKUGAWA

Period of Isolation (Seclusion Policy)

NAGASAKI

the only port open to foreigners

HAIKU POETRY

Japanese type of poetry

BUNGO

first Japanese Noble to be converted to Christianity

TRANSITION PERIOD

Period of "Transformation of Japan from a Hermit Kingdom to a great power"

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

- negotiated the first US Treaty with Japan Treaty of Kanagawa (March 31, 1854)

- Opened Japanese ports for US ships

- Japan promised most favored nation treatment for US

- An event of great importance for Japan, for it ended the more than 200 years of Isolation Policy.

Consul Townsend Harris

first US Consul to Japan / concluded the first commercial treaty with Japan in 1858

TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH (New Hampshire, USA)

ended the Russo Japanese War

1. Gave Japan Sakhalin Island (Russia)

2. Acquired Liaotung Peninsula in China (Russian control)

3. Fishing rights in Siberian Waters

4. Recognition of sphere of interest over Korea

In the MEIJI PERIOD (Sept. 5, 1905), Japan achieved 4 things

Mitsui (Banking, textile industry), Mitsubishi (Shipping and ship building), Sumitomo (Copper mining, heavy industry and ammunition and armaments)

ZAIBUTSU (Great Firms) (3)

- Started by a few wealthy families who led Japan in her industrialization. Their business ability and organization enabled them to gain control over the most of the country's wealth. They helped finance the restoration.

ENOLA GAY

US warplane

HIROSHIMA (300 thousand) AND NAGASAKI (100 thousand)

Cities in Japan that were bombed on Aug. 6, 1945

GEN. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

"White Emperor"

ISOLATION & PROGRESS (Tokugawa Shogunate)

- Founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603

- It ruled Japan effectively and peacefully for 265 years.

- It turned away from foreign adventure and contacts.

- Kept foreigners and foreign influence out of Japan, using the time of long isolation for internal consolidation.

- Piracy of goods in Asian waters

- Smuggling of goods

- Christianity entered the country illegally.

- Slowly distrust of Christian motives. (because of overwhelming fear of domination of Spanish and Portuguese missionaries)

Disadvantages of foreign trade conducted during the Tokugawa Shogunate (4)

a. Change in the isolationist policy of the Japanese government.

b. Good treatment for shipwrecked American seamen (who are usually imprisoned or executed).

c. The opening of ports.

d. Placing of an American diplomatic representative in Japan.

Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan to deliver the following messages to the Shogun (it contained no overt threat) (4)

HARRIS TREATY (Townsend Harris)

A commercial treaty that was finalized with other countries and all were highly favorable to the foreigners; England, France, Holland, Russia.

1. Provided for diplomatic and consular privileges.

2. Allowing foreign citizens to be judged by their own laws (extra-territorial legal rights).

3. Fixed tariff at low rates.

4. Opening of more ports.

Provisions of the HARRIS TREATY (4)

- The country became flooded with foreign goods.

- The outflow of gold to pay for increasing imports depleted the Shogunate Treasury.

- The treasury was being drained on indemnities for Japanese attacks on foreigners which were becoming frequent.

Unfortunate Effects of Commercial (foreign) treaties to the Japanese economy

The inability to bring together the progressive internationalists (pro-foreign), traditional isolationists (anti) and the restorationists (those who wanted to bring back the power of the Emperor).

REASONS FOR THE DOWNFALL OF THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

1. rifles

2. pistols and swords

3. alcoholic drinks (wines, whiskey, etc.)

4. newly invented telegraph instrument

5. Webster's Dictionary

6. military dress officers of US soldiers

7. Camera (Japan greatly intrigued; the 1st ever seen in the country).

8. Steam locomotive built in miniature (the largest and most impressive that excited the Japanese. It came with the rails and passenger cars.).

9. Band instruments (trumpet, drums, etc.)

GIFTS GIVEN BY AMERICANS TO THE JAPANESE TO ADD TO THEIR CONCESSIONS (9)

1. Expensive woven silk brocades.

2. Gold and silver inlaid lacquer boxes and canes.

3. delicate porcelain and ivories.

GIFTS GIVEN BY JAPANESE TO AMERICANS (3)

SON-NO-JOI

("revere the Emperor, expel the Barbarians")

Violent reaction by the Japanese to the first foreign traders.

- The foreigners had no understanding of Japanese traditions and violated many of them.

- Foreigners bought Japanese gold, causing a rise in local prices.

- Japanese did not like the presence and customs of the foreigners.

Reasons why the Japanese remained anti-foreign

MEIJI (RESTORATION) PERIOD (1869-1912)

"Enlightened rule" period

1872 Imperial Decree for the Encouragement of Education

"There shall be no illiterate family among the people of any community, nor shall there be an illiterate member in any family. Learning is the basis for all human endeavor from the common place, speaking, reading, writing and calculating for everyday needs, to the professional needs of the military man, government officials, farmers, merchants, craftsmen, artists, in the multitude of technical skills and arts and in law, politics or astronomy."

MITSUI, MITSUBISHI, YASUDA, and SUMITOMO

ZAIBATSU

The early MEIJI period was the beginning of the ___, ___, ___ and ___ fortunes and the birth of the great "___" organizations.

1877 - Industrial Exposition

- Lasted for 102 days and was a great success.

- Total of 6 Industrial Expo were held during the Meiji period.

- The emphasis was on industry, for the promoters of the fair hoped to show that Japan's craftsmen and industrial designers could produce western-type goods as well as traditional Japanese items.

ITO HIROBUMI

father of Japanese constitution.

appointed by the Emperor to draft it in 1881; took him 8 yrs.

FORMOSA (TAIWAN)

- Acquired by Japan after the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

- This included the Pescadores, a small group of islands in the south west coast of Formosa

Korea (CHOSEN)

Acquired by Japan after the Treaty of Porthsmouth which ended the Russo-Jap War.

Southern part of Manchuria Southern part of Sakhalin Kuriles Islands

As far as the government is concerned the colonies were liabilities and not assets. The colonial ventures of Japan were not paying investment.

TREATY OF PORTHSMOUTH (NEW HAMPSHIRE)

Ended the Russo-Jap war

- Japan was a vigorous nation, rapidly mounting in population and wealth

- The 1st land in the Far East to be industrialized through the adoption of Occidental science and Machinery

- The competitive scramble for leaseholds, concessions, and spheres of influence in China, Asia and Pacific brought the imperialistic struggle close to Japan

- Because of their sense of being superior race headed by a descendant of the Gods, the Japanese felt it the right to rule other people

- They wanted to show the West their power and expel the Westerns from the Far East

- The increase in population led to a demand for more land

- The Japanese saw the danger of a powerful China and were resolved to hold leadership in East Asia

Causes of Japanese Expansion (7)

1. Shantung Peninsula and other provinces in China (from Germans)

2. Marshalls, Carolines (Palau, Yap, Truk, Ponape Island) and Marianas (from Germans)

Other colonies acquired thru warfare (2)

Mutsuhito

Yoshihito

Hirohito

Akihito

Naruhito

Japanese Emperors (5)

1. STRENGTH - expel the Western (Anglo-Saxon) influence from East Asia with all their strength.

2. BENEVOLENCE - Japan must develop the various resources of East Asia and distribute them fairly to all the races within the East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to make them share in the benefits.

3. VIRTUE - Japan must console and bring friendship among Asians, and make them all live in peace with a boundlessly embracing virtue.

3 Qualifications for Japan to become the leader or Light of Greater East Asia.

WAR with China (1894-95)

This war ended in less than a year and in April 1895, China was forced to cede Formosa, Pescadores Islands, Port Arthur and Liaotung Peninsula and recognized the complete independence of Korea.

RUSSO-JAP WAR (1904-05)

This war was short, dramatic, and conclusive and was over in 18 months.

- After the defeat of Japan, the US occupied Japan from 1945-52.

- The government was under the control of Gen. D. MacArthur and the American army.

- As a punishment for starting the war and invading various areas in Asia and Pacific. Japan lost its empire and was forbidden to have and army and navy

- The occupation government of the US encouraged changes in all phases of Japanese life.

JAPAN AFTER WW II (4)

1. Growth is based mainly on the use of "cheap labor."

2. Growth is the result of exports.

3. The views that Japanese were copiers who were unable to produce original products or technology.

4. Growth is just temporary and caused by good luck.

MYTHS (stories) ABOUT JAPAN'S ECONOMIC GROWTH (4)

1. Unusual methods of raising capital

2. Unique relations of government and business

3. A special way of using labor

REASONS FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH (3)

1. Japan's reservoir of industrial, leadership and technicians

2. Its intelligent and industrious work force

3. Its high saving and investment rates

4. Its intensive promotion of industrial development and foreign trade.

REASONS FOR JAPAN'S ECONOMIC SUCCESS (4)

1. Shortage of skilled workers

2. Drop in population growth (means shortage of skilled workers)

3. The Quota limit

4. Housing shortages

PROBLEMS OF JAPAN'S ECONOMY TODAY

Japanese; Korean (0.6%)

Japan's ETHNIC GROUPS

Shintoism and Buddhism; Christian (0.8%)

Japan's RELIGIONS

Nihongo/ Nippongo

Japan's LANGUAGES

Parliamentary democracy

Japan's TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

May 3, 1947

Japan's CONSTITUTION date

Yen

Japan's CURRENCY

Shigeru Ishiba

Japan's PRIME MINISTER

124.5 M

Japan's POPULATION

99%

Japan's LITERACY RATE