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Emergency care

Care given immediately to an ill or injured person before medical help arrives

Goals of emergency care

Prevent death, prevent further injury/illness, and promote recovery

EMS

Emergency Medical Services activated by calling 911

First action in any emergency

Check the scene for safety before approaching

If a person is unresponsive

Call for help/911, activate EMS, and assess breathing and pulse

Do NOT do in an emergency

Move the person unless they are in immediate danger

When should gloves be worn?

Whenever contact with blood or body fluids is possible

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

The heart suddenly stops beating and pumping blood

Signs of sudden cardiac arrest

Unresponsive, no normal breathing (or only gasping), no pulse

CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation chest compressions with rescue breaths to circulate blood and oxygen

Compression rate for adult CPR

100–120 compressions per minute

Compression depth for adult CPR

At least 2 inches

Compression-to-breath ratio (1 rescuer adult)

30 compressions : 2 breaths

How long should pulse be checked?

At least 5 seconds but no more than 10 seconds

AED

Automated External Defibrillator delivers a shock for certain abnormal heart rhythms

When should an AED be used?

As soon as it is available for an unresponsive person without normal breathing

Before delivering an AED shock

Make sure no one is touching the person

Recovery position

Side-lying position for an unconscious person who is breathing normally

Rescue breathing

Given when a person has a pulse but is not breathing

Adult rescue breathing rate

1 breath every 6 seconds

Child/infant rescue breathing rate

1 breath every 2–3 seconds

Signs of choking (severe airway obstruction)

Cannot speak, cough, or breathe

If a person is coughing forcefully while choking

Encourage coughing do NOT perform abdominal thrusts yet

Treatment for severe choking (conscious adult)

Abdominal thrusts until object is expelled or person becomes unconscious

Respiratory arrest

Breathing stops but the heart continues beating

Signs of opioid overdose

Pinpoint pupils, slow or stopped breathing, unconsciousness, blue lips/skin

Naloxone (Narcan)

Medication used to reverse an opioid overdose

Heart attack signs

Chest pain/pressure, pain to arm/jaw/back, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath

What should a CNA do for a suspected heart attack?

Activate EMS immediately, keep person resting, loosen tight clothing

Hemorrhage

Severe or uncontrolled bleeding

First treatment for severe bleeding

Apply direct pressure with a clean dressing

If blood soaks through a dressing

Add another dressing do NOT remove the first one

syncope

Brief loss of consciousness caused by decreased blood flow to the brain (fainting)

If a person feels faint

Help them sit or lie down immediately

Shock

Life-threatening condition where organs do not receive enough blood and oxygen

Signs of shock

Pale cool clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, rapid breathing, confusion, thirst

Treatment for shock

Call EMS, keep person warm, control bleeding, elevate legs if appropriate

Signs of stroke

Sudden weakness, numbness, confusion, vision changes, severe headache, trouble walking

What should never be given to a person having a stroke?

Food, drink, or medication

Seizure

Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain causing convulsions or altered awareness

During a seizure

Protect the head, move dangerous objects away, do NOT restrain or place anything in the mouth

After a seizure

recovery position (side )if breathing normally and monitor them

Concussion

Mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

Signs of concussion

Headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, memory problems

Heat exhaustion signs

Heavy sweating, cool clammy skin, weakness, dizziness, nausea

Heat stroke signs

Hot skin, confusion, high body temperature, loss of consciousness medical emergency

Treatment for heat stroke

Call EMS immediately, cool the person rapidly, do NOT give fluids if unconscious

Hypothermia

Dangerously low body temperature

Signs of hypothermia

Shivering, confusion, slurred speech, slow pulse, drowsiness

Burn care

Cool with cool running water, cover with a clean dry dressing, do not apply ointments or break blisters

Priority in every emergency

Protect yourself first, then activate EMS, then provide care within your training

What should a CNA report after any emergency?

Exactly what happened, care given, and changes in the person's condition

Adult CPR breaths

Give 2 breaths after every 30 compressions

Child CPR (2 rescuers)

15 compressions followed by 2 breaths

Best pulse to check on an unresponsive adult

Carotid pulse

Best pulse to check on an infant

Brachial pulse

Most important first step before providing emergency care

Ensure the scene is safe

FAST F

face, do it droop on one side

FAST A

arms, raise both arms , do one drift down

FAST S

speech, do they slur

FAST T

time, if any of this shit going on call 911

body temp for hypthermia

internernal temp less than 95

body temp for heat stroke

more than 103