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Stimulus

Anything that brings out a sensation.

Intensity

Strength of a stimulus that elicits a response.

Sensation

Process of becoming aware of stimuli.

Perception

Brain interpretation of sensory input.

Threshold

Minimum stimulus needed to elicit a response.

Subminimal

Stimulus too weak to elicit a response.

Bottom-up processing

Building complex ideas from basic sensory input.

Top-down processing

Interpreting sensory information using prior knowledge.

Reception

Stimulation of sensory receptors by energy.

Transduction

Conversion of stimulation into neural impulses.

Transmission

Sending neural information to the brain.

Photoreception

Detection of light by sensory receptors.

Mechanoreception

Detection of pressure, vibration, and movement.

Chemoreception

Detection of chemical stimuli for taste and smell.

Rods

Photoreceptors for low light and black/white vision.

Cones

Photoreceptors for color vision in bright light.

Trichromatic theory

Color perception based on three cone types.

Opponent-process theory

Color perception through opposing color pairs.

Audition

The process of hearing through sound waves.

Conduction deafness

Hearing loss due to outer/middle ear issues.

Nerve deafness

Hearing loss due to inner ear damage.

Cutaneous sense

Sense of touch mediated by skin receptors.

Cataracts

Clouding of the lens affecting vision clarity.

Retinopathy

Damage to blood vessels causing vision loss.

Glaucoma

Increased eye pressure damaging optic nerve.

Macular degeneration

Loss of central vision due to retinal damage.

Hyperopia

Farsightedness; image focuses behind retina.

Myopia

Nearsightedness; image focuses in front of retina.

Auditory Cortex

Region in temporal lobe processing sound stimuli.

Olfactory Sense

Chemical sense responsible for detecting odors.

Receptor Cell

Cells that respond to specific sensory stimuli.

Unique Odor-Identity

Individual's distinct scent profile or 'smell fingerprint'.

Gustatory Sense

Chemical sense responsible for taste perception.

Taste Buds

Receptor cells on the tongue for taste.

Cognitive Learning

Learning through understanding and anticipating information.

Associative Learning

Learning through associations between stimuli.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process linking neutral stimulus to response.

B.F. Skinner

Psychologist known for behaviorism and operant conditioning.

Reinforcement

Event increasing likelihood of a behavior's recurrence.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior influenced by consequences like rewards or punishments.

Primary Reinforcers

Reinforcers satisfying biological needs without learning.

Secondary Reinforcers

Learned reinforcers through experience and association.

Social Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.

Hippocampus

Brain region crucial for memory encoding and transfer.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an event.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories formed before an event.

Memory Span Test

Test measuring the capacity of short-term memory.

Chunking

Grouping information to enhance short-term memory capacity.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory for skills and tasks.

Explicit Memory

Conscious recall of facts and events.

Hindsight Bias

Belief that one predicted an event after it occurred.

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to remember items at list's start and end.

Memory Distortion

Alteration of memories to fit new information.

Forgetting Theories

Explanations for why memories fade or are lost.t