Gerontology Exam2

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59 Terms

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Welfare programs protect people from

Loss of income due to unemployment, disability, divorce, poor health, or retirement

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Classification of welfare programs

Public assistance programs, social insurance programs, fiscal welfare

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Public assistance programs

Minimal benefits, means-tested

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Social insurance programs

Earned entitlement, funded by payroll taxes

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Fiscal welfare

Tax expenditures - indirect government support through the tax system

  • ex. employer health insurance, retirement savings

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Main purpose of social insurance programs

To provide economic security through shared risk (everyone contributes and earns protection)

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How social insurance benefits are paid

Payroll taxes from workers and employers

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Where Social Security benefits went in 2010

Major sources of income for people 65 + in 2010 were Social Security, earnings, pensions, assets, and public assistance

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Most important source of income for elderly

Social security

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Why SSI doesn’t protect the poorest elderly

SSI provides minimal income and often fails to cover living costs despite targeting the very poor

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Highest benefit of Social Security

Determined by work history and lifetime earnings—those who worked longer and earned more receive higher benefits

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Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Federal program (funded by general tax revenues) for aged, blind, or disabled with very low income

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Medicare part A

Hospital insurance (inpatient care)

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Medicare part B

Physician/outpatient care

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Medicare part C

Medicare Advantage (private plan option)

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Medicare part D

Prescription drug coverage

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Medicare Modernization Act of 2003

Created Part D (prescription drugs) and expanded private plan options (Medicare Advantage)

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What encourages employers to provide health insurance

Tax incentives (part of fiscal welfare)

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Disability Insurance benefits

Part of Social Security, provides income to workers who can’t work due to disability

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Main source of public funding for long-term care

Medicaid (pays for custodial nursing home care)

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OAA (Older Americans Act)

Provides community-based services (meals, day care, personal/nursing care, Meals on Wheels)

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Problem with private long-term care insurance

Lack of regulation, high cost, limited acceptance of unhealthy applicants

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Section 8

Housing subsidy program that helps low-income people pay rent or access affordable housing

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Aging theories

  • Wear and tear

  • Somatic mutation 

  • Autoimmune 

  • Cross-linkage 

  • Free radical

  • Genetic control

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Wear and tear

Body “wears out” like a machine

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Somatic mutation

DNA mutations accumulate over time

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Autoimmune

Body attacks its own tissues

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Cross-linkage

Collagen cross-links cause stiffness and wrinkles

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Free radical

Unstable molecules from metabolism that damage cells, causing aging, but antioxidants help

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Genetic control

Life span is programmed in genes

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Active life expectancy

Years a person can expect to live without disability

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Lentigo spots

Brown age spots on face, hands, forearms

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Senile purpura

Purple bruiselike spots from ruptured fragile blood vessels

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ADLs (Activities of Daily Living)

Basic self-care tasks (eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, moving)

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Nerves in the peripheral nervous system

Decline causes slower reflexes and movement; loss of nerve cells leads to slowness and stiffness

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Loss of cells in cerebellum

Impairs balance and coordination, increasing fall risk

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Aging and sleep

Older adults sleep less deeply and wake more often

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Aging and driving

Slower reaction times and reduced vision affect driving ability

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Cataracts

Clouding of the eye’s lens, causing blurred vision; treatable with surgery

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Aging and body temperature

Decreased ability to regulate heat due to loss of insulating fat

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Most cited reason for disability in older adults

Arthritis

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Climacteric

Period of reproductive change in women leading to menopause

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Average age menopause occurs

Around 50 years old

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Hormone replacement therapy

Treats menopausal symptoms but carries health risks

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Aging and blood pressure

Blood vessels lose elasticity, causing hypertension

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Study of mental processes

Cognitive psychology

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Cognitive functioning

Changes in how older adults process, store, and recall information

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Fluid intelligence

Problem-solving, adapting to new situations—declines with age

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Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and experience—remains stable or improves

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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Temporary failure to recall a word or name; common in aging

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Long-term memory

Permanent storage of repeated experiences and skills

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Classic aging pattern

Decline in fluid (performance) intelligence but stability in crystallized (verbal) intelligence

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Alzheimer’s disease

Gradual brain deterioration causing memory loss, confusion, personality change

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Causes of Alzheimer’s (theories)

Genetic predisposition, environmental factors (stress, nutrition)

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Symptoms of clinical depression

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, appetite/sleep changes, fatigue, guilt, suicidal thoughts

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Stroke

Brain damage due to blocked or ruptured blood vessel; causes loss of speech, movement, or function

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Personality traits and temperament

Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness

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Vascular dementia

Brain damage from small strokes due to clogged arteries (atherosclerosis)

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Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

  • Age 30 Transition: establish career, competence.

  • Midlife (40s): reassess goals and priorities, often shift from career to family focus