aphg unit 4.1-4.10

five principles of a state

defined territory with border, permanent population, form of government, sovereignty, recognition from other states (usually through the united nations)

nation

group of people with common identity (like ethnic groups)

nation state

when borders of the nation match the borders of the state (there aren’t any “true” examples but close ones are usually in europe i.e. spain or france)

stateless nation

nations of people without a state to occupy (ex kurds in southwest asia-they want to make kurdistan and the bosque ppl in spain and palestinians in israel and inuit ppl in nunavut)

multistate nation

national that is in multiple states (ex koreans in south and north korea or russians everywhere after the fall of the soviet union)

multinational state

state with multiple nations, lots of diversity, multiculturalism!! (ex ppl in the us)

semiautonomous/autonomous region

location within a state is given authority to govern independently from the national gov (ex hong kong or native reservations)

sovereignty

ability for a state to control its territory or govern itself

self determination

right of all ppl to govern themselves, it’s when nations want to establish sovereignty which can lead to devolution movements

devolution

because if centrifugal forces, power is decentralized - it shifts away from the central gov to regional authorities

berlin conference (1884)

european powers gathered togther to divide africa/establish borders, connects to colonialism/imperialism, imposed boundaries

treaty of versailles (1920)

a treaty signed to end world war one, created new boundaries - many regions were broken up to create nation states, it worked in some places but caused further division in others (i.e. the middle east)

establishment of israel (1948)

palestine (a former british colony) was established into the state of israel after the holocaust but thus has caused self determination for palestinians (an example of a stateless nation)

decolonization and independence movements (1945-1990)

after the creation of the united nations and the end of world war two the movement of decolonization happened around the world, this is when africa got most of its independence

fall of soviet union (1991)

this event ended the cold war and lead to the creating of many new independent states (broke up yugoslavia)

territoriality

the control/influence over a specific land (basically how a state can control its land), often included aspects like historical/cultural links, government, economics, boundaries, sovereignty, and military (can sometimes lead to conflict/centrifugal forces)

political power

states control over people land and resources, broad term bc it doesn’t really correspond to specific land

neocolonialism

occurs in semi periphery or periphery countries, and indirect version of colonialism (ex chinas BRI/Belt Road Initiative in africa)

shatterbelts

instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality/political power, think abt glass shattering (ex germany during cold war or the balkan peninsula/former yugoslavia)

chokepoints

strategic strait/canal taht is narrow/hard to pass that has competition for use, they are essential for world trade and can be closed or blocked to assert dominance (ex strait of malacca or suez canal)

antecedent

borders that are established before there has been major settlement by ppl in a territory (ex 49th parallel that seperates canada and the us)

subsequent

borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by ppl typically due to changes that occurred over time (ex boundaries in europe have changed frequently through history in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement)

consequent

type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the ppl living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries, think the consequence of self determination (ex the border drawn between nunavut and canada)

superimposed

border that is drawn over existing and accepted borders by outside force (ex berlin conference)

geometric

borders established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries (ex 49th parallel between canada and us)

relic(t)

border that no longer exists but had left some imprint in the local cultural or environmental geography (ex boundary between east and west germany during the cold war - berlin wall)

frontier

a geographic area where no stage has direct political control/influence and there are weakened borders (ex west of us before westward expansion)

define

part of identifying boundaries, it’s when u legally define where a boundary is through an agreement, like a treaty

delimit

part of identifying boundaries, it’s the location of the boundary on a map

demarcate

part of identifying boundaries, it’s when there are visible markings on the physical landscape to mark the boundary (ex fences or signs)

administrate

part of identifying boundaries, it’s the legal management of a boundary through laws

definitional boundary dispute

type of boundary dispute, it focuses on the legal language of the boundary agreement (ex if the boundary is a river and the river changes course it can cause disputes)

locational boundary dispute

type of boundary dispute, it’s when the interpretation of the definition of the boundary is being disputed (ex the crest of the andes mountain is the boundary between argentina and chile but there are different interpretations on where the crest actually is)

operational boundary dispute

type of boundary dispute, it involves counties who argue on how to function/operate the boundary (ex one state wants open borders but the other wants closed migration)

allocational boundary dispute

type of boundary dispute, when states contest resources that cross boundaries (ex an oil reserve under the ground on both sides of the boundary - who gets to own it?)

maritime boundaries

superimposed boundaries by the united nations that are on the water to try and stop disputes abt territory in the sea

UNCLOS

the united nations convention on the law of the sea, established in 1982, it created the laws abt maritime boundaries

territorial sea

12 nautical miles from the coastline of a state, they have complete sovereignty over this area of water and airspace, grant the permission of “innocent passage” of foreign ships

contiguous zone

12-24 nautical miles from the coastline of a state, states have the power to enforce laws abt pollution taxation customs or migration

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

24-200 nautical miles from the coastline of a state, state has the power to have special rights over the exploration and use of maritime resources (like fishing) and natural resources (like gas/oil energy)

international waters/high sea

after the 200 nautical miles, no states have any jurisdiction of this area in the water

median line principle

drawing a boundary that’s midway between two states coasts, occurs when the water space between two countries is less than 200 nautical miles

physical geography

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when regions are separated from the central state because of physical features, distance decay plays a huge role in this (ex indonesia and the philippines)

ethnic separatism

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when ppl of a certain ethnicity in a multinational state identify more with their ethnic group than ppl of the state, many times this results in the mistreatment/disparity between the dominant and minority ethnic group (ex tibet)

ethnic cleansing

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when state governments attack an ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them, similar to genocide (ex holocaust)

terrorism

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when violence is aimed at the gov and civilians to make a fear to accomplish political beliefs, usually done by ethnic separatists (ex Al-Qaeda in africa)

economic and social problems

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when there is underdevelopment/uneven development or a conflict of allocation of funding or when there is poverty and discrimination (ex most of the uk oil/gas assets are in scotland which means that scotland could make more money if they became independent)

irredentism

factor that leads to devolution, it’s when a majority ethnic group wants to take territory from another state bc of shared culture/history, reunification of multistate nations (ex russia trying to take ukraine back)

census

a survey done every ten years in the us, it’s the official population count

reapportionment

the process in which the us house of representatives seats are reallocated to different states based on population change

electoral college

organization that utilizes the population vote to then vote for the president

redistricting

the process where a states internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the us house of representatives and state legislature are redrawn, its redrawn by the state legislature to reflect the data from the census

voting district

a geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections

gerrymandering

redistricting for political advantage, two ways to do it (ex of this term include ohio district 13)

packing

clustering like minded voters into a single district to allow the other party to win other districts

cracking

dispersing like minded voters amount multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority vote

representative districts

the ideal in which vote districts are equal in population, contiguous, and compact

requirements for voting districts

the rules for this districts are that they have to have similar population size and they have to be contiguous and compact

federal government

a style of government where power is shared between central and regional and local governments, power is diffused to governments on many levels, helps create centripetal forces/reduce conflict in multinational states but it is slow to enact change (ex united states)

unitary government

a style of government where power is located centrally and the purpose of regional and local governments is to either enforce or carry out laws/policies, “units” or regional/local governments are an extension to the central government, there is a limited diffusion of power to regional/local governments, it’s efficient in the enforcement of laws/change happens quickly, good for nation states (ex france)

state morphology

how a states shape influences how the government operates or how people interact

fragmented

type of shape in state morphology, when the state is kinda broken into many pieces (ex indonesia or canada)

compact

type of shape in state morphology, its when a state is kinda packed togther (ex bolivia or cambodia)

elongated

type of shape in state morphology, its when a state is really long (ex japan chile or cuba)

perforated

type of shape in state morphology, its when there’s a state within a state (ex south africa)

prorupted

type of shape in state morphology, its when a state has parts sticking out (ex india thailand or mexico)

advancements in communication technology

a challenge to a states sovereignty, it creates constant connection around the world which creates more revolutionary movements, time space compression is a key part of this

supranationalism

a challenge to a states sovereignty, it’s when there is alliance between 3+ states that work together for a common goal, the goal can be economic social military or environmental (when thinking abt this term think abt group projects)

united nations (UN)

global supranational organization, has 193 members, biggest supranational organization

european union (EU)

a supranational organization in europe that is based on economics

north atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

a supranational organization in europe and north america that focuses on a military alliance

association of south east asian nations (ASEAN)

a supranational organization in south east asia that focus on the economic social and political development of member nations

arctic council (AC)

a supranational organization focuses on helping protect the arctic land

african union (AU)

a supranational organization in africa that focuses on the political cultural and economic development of member nations

organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)

a supranational organization that focuses on the economics of petroleum/oil, all member nations must export petroleum

united states mexico canada agreement (USMCA)

a supranational organization with three members: us mexico and canada, focuses on free trade between member nations

positives of supranational organization

supranational organizations cause less conflict and increased cooperation between states and also helps with environmental sustainability, also does economies of scale and has collective defense for member nations

negatives of supranational organization

supranational organizations can challenge a states sovereignty by limiting actions of members (like in the EU and NATO)

balkanization

dividing a political entity into smaller political entities (ex yugoslavia)

coup d etat

sudden violent unlawful seizure of power from gov often by military, happens mostly in LDCs

ethnonationalism

when people unite togther against a common enemy