Human Biology: Evolution/Primates

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The first half of the human bio unit

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22 Terms

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Evolution

Evolution is the process through which species change over time due to genetic variations and natural selection, leading to the diversification of life forms.

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Fitness

the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. (Survival + reproductive success).

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Gradualism

the hypothesis that evolution occurs slowly and steadily through gradual changes over time, rather than in quick, abrupt transitions.

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Punctuate equilibrium

Long periods of evolutionary stasis followed by relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change.

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Stratigraphy (the fossil record0

fossils in deeper rock are older than those above, there position gives a chronological age order,

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Anagenesis (Fossil record)

evolution within a single lineage

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Cladogenesis (Fossil record)

Division of a single lineage into two lineages

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Atavistic feature (living species)

a trait or characteristic that reappears in an organism after having been absent for several generations, often resembling ancestral forms.

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Analogous features (living species)

traits in different species that have similar functions but evolved independently, not from a common ancestor.

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Homologies

traits that are shared by two or more species due to common ancestry, reflecting evolutionary relationships.

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Analogies

are similarities in traits or features among different species that arise independently through evolution, serving similar functions.

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Primates classifications

Suborders: Prosimii, Tarsioidea and Anthropoidea

Infraorder: Platyrrhini and Catarhini

Superfamily: Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea

Family: Hylobatidea, Pongidea and Hominidae

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Promsimii: Larisoidea

  • (Lorises and Galagos)

  • Africa and SE Asia

  • Dental formula: 2133/2133

  • Dental Comb

  • Quadrupedal climbers

  • Post-orbital bar only

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Prosimii: Lemuroidea

  • Lemuroidea: Indridae, Lemuroidea; Lemur catta

  • Madagascar

  • Most nocturnal/ arboreal

  • Usually 2133/2133 dental formula

  • Post orbital bar only

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Tarisoidea

  • incomplete post orbital plate, complete orbital bat

  • Dental formula: 2133/1133

  • Eyes larger than brain

  • Post-orbital bar and partial plate

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(Anthropoidea) Platyrrhini: Ceboidea

  • New world monkeys (Cebidae and Calitrichidae)

  • Only Ceboidea have prehensile tails

  • Dental formula usually 2133/2133

  • Post-orbital bar and plate

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(Anthropoidea) Cartarrhini: Cercopithecoidea

  • old world monkeys (Colobinea and Cercopethecinae)

  • Africa and Asia

  • Dental formula 2123/2123

  • Biophodont molars

  • Ischial callosities near tail

  • Tail never prehensile

  • Post-orbital bar and plate

  • Dense body hairs

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(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea

  • Apes and Humans (Hylobatidae, Pongidae and Hominidae)

  • No tail

  • Brachiation (Hylobatidae) - rotation of the shoulders

  • Longer forelimbs than hindlimbs

  • Y5 Molars

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(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae

  • (Gibbons)

  • Brachiators

  • Monogamous

  • Vocal duets

  • Ischial callosities

  • Dense body hair

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(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Pongidae

  • Orangutans

  • Borneo and Sumatra

  • Mostly solitary

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(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Hominidae

  • African Apes and Humans

  • Gorilla

  • More terrestrial

  • Mainly folivorous

  • 2 Species: Chimpanzee and bonobo

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Behavioural peculiarities - Chimpanzees

  • Large mixed sex communities

  • Female chimps disperse from their natal groups when they reach maturity.

  • Rarely found together in unifies groups (fission-fusion)

  • Chimps use tools in the wild

  • Chimps co-operatively hunt other primates