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The first half of the human bio unit
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Evolution
Evolution is the process through which species change over time due to genetic variations and natural selection, leading to the diversification of life forms.
Fitness
the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. (Survival + reproductive success).
Gradualism
the hypothesis that evolution occurs slowly and steadily through gradual changes over time, rather than in quick, abrupt transitions.
Punctuate equilibrium
Long periods of evolutionary stasis followed by relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change.
Stratigraphy (the fossil record0
fossils in deeper rock are older than those above, there position gives a chronological age order,
Anagenesis (Fossil record)
evolution within a single lineage
Cladogenesis (Fossil record)
Division of a single lineage into two lineages
Atavistic feature (living species)
a trait or characteristic that reappears in an organism after having been absent for several generations, often resembling ancestral forms.
Analogous features (living species)
traits in different species that have similar functions but evolved independently, not from a common ancestor.
Homologies
traits that are shared by two or more species due to common ancestry, reflecting evolutionary relationships.
Analogies
are similarities in traits or features among different species that arise independently through evolution, serving similar functions.
Primates classifications
Suborders: Prosimii, Tarsioidea and Anthropoidea
Infraorder: Platyrrhini and Catarhini
Superfamily: Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
Family: Hylobatidea, Pongidea and Hominidae
Promsimii: Larisoidea
(Lorises and Galagos)
Africa and SE Asia
Dental formula: 2133/2133
Dental Comb
Quadrupedal climbers
Post-orbital bar only
Prosimii: Lemuroidea
Lemuroidea: Indridae, Lemuroidea; Lemur catta
Madagascar
Most nocturnal/ arboreal
Usually 2133/2133 dental formula
Post orbital bar only
Tarisoidea
incomplete post orbital plate, complete orbital bat
Dental formula: 2133/1133
Eyes larger than brain
Post-orbital bar and partial plate
(Anthropoidea) Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
New world monkeys (Cebidae and Calitrichidae)
Only Ceboidea have prehensile tails
Dental formula usually 2133/2133
Post-orbital bar and plate
(Anthropoidea) Cartarrhini: Cercopithecoidea
old world monkeys (Colobinea and Cercopethecinae)
Africa and Asia
Dental formula 2123/2123
Biophodont molars
Ischial callosities near tail
Tail never prehensile
Post-orbital bar and plate
Dense body hairs
(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Apes and Humans (Hylobatidae, Pongidae and Hominidae)
No tail
Brachiation (Hylobatidae) - rotation of the shoulders
Longer forelimbs than hindlimbs
Y5 Molars
(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
(Gibbons)
Brachiators
Monogamous
Vocal duets
Ischial callosities
Dense body hair
(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Pongidae
Orangutans
Borneo and Sumatra
Mostly solitary
(Anthropoidea) Catarrhini: Hominoidea: Hominidae
African Apes and Humans
Gorilla
More terrestrial
Mainly folivorous
2 Species: Chimpanzee and bonobo
Behavioural peculiarities - Chimpanzees
Large mixed sex communities
Female chimps disperse from their natal groups when they reach maturity.
Rarely found together in unifies groups (fission-fusion)
Chimps use tools in the wild
Chimps co-operatively hunt other primates