Foundation of Criminal Justice

Key terms

Tythings

Medieval England and collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one anyother and provide mutual aid

Hue and Cry

Medieval England a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger

hundred

Medieval England a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses

Shire reeve

Chief law enforcement official in a country forerunner of today’s sheriff in early England.

Watch system

Medieval England groups of men who organized in church parishes to guard to night against disturbance and breaches of the peace une the direction of the local constable

constable

In early english town, an oppointed peacekeeper who organized citizens for protection and supervision the night watch

Justice of the peace

Official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county

Metropolitan Police act

Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London.

vigilantes

In the old west members of a vigilance committee or posse called upon to capture cattle thieves or other felons.

Wickershame commission

Formally known as the national commission on law observance and enforcement a commission created in 1929 by president h hoover to study the US criminal justice system including the police.

Community policing

A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers inot the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service and decentrailzaed policing, citizen empowerment and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder and decay.

Federal bureau of investigation

The arm of the justice department that investigates violatio of federal law gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensice crime laboratory and helps train local law enforcement.

Private policing

Crime prevention, detection and the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes.

Data mining

Using sophisticated computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects.

Thermal imagers

A device that detecrs radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, used in law enforcement to detect variation in temperature (warm images stand out against cool backgrounds).

biometrics

Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic

DNA profiling

The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene

Predictive policing

Application of advanced analytics to criminal justice data for the purpose of predicting where and when crime will occur.5