14 The Consolidation of the Republic

When was the regicide?

January 1649

What was an effect of the revolutionary nature of the regicide?

alienated much of the political nation

What did Blair Worden refer to Cromwell as due to the contradiction of his religious radicalism and his political conservatism?

an 'ideological schizophrenic'

Why did Blair Worden refer to Cromwell as an 'ideological schizophrenic'?

because there was a great conflict between his religious radicalism and his political conservatism

In what way was Cromwell religiously radical?

wanted widespread religious tolerance

What was the tension between the Rump and the NMA in 1649?

the Rump saw itself as the legitimate power but recognised that the NMA was the real power in the land, in practice

What were the threats to the Rump? (4)

Ireland, Scotland, Royalists, Charles Stuart

What prevented the Rump from having a reforming agenda and why?

the threats, as energy and money was put into defeating them rather than bringing about reforms

What kept the tension between the Rump and the NMA at bay?

the threats to the commonwealth (from Ireland, Scotland, Royalists and Charles Stuart)

When did the Rump vote to abolish monarchy and apparatus of monarchical government?

February 1649

What did the Rump vote to abolish in February 1649? (2)

monarchy and apparatus of monarchical government

When was the republic created?

February 1649

When was the creation of the republic formalised?

May 1649

How was the creation of the republic formalised?

through acts abolishing the monarchy and House of Lords

When did the Rump pass the Engagement Act?

2 January 1650

What act did the Rump pass on 2 January 1650?

the Engagement Act

What was the Engagement Act?

all men had to declare loyalty to the Commonwealth

When was the Treason Act passed?

July 1650

What was the Treason Act?

was made illegal to deny the authority of the republic

How many troops did Cromwell have in Ireland in August 1649?

10,000

When did Cromwell land in Ireland to impose English Protestant control?

August 1649

What was Cromwell's purpose in Ireland in August 1649 - May 1650? (3)

impose English Protestant control, punish the Catholics for their rebellion in 1641, exploit them financially

When was the earlier Irish rebellion which Cromwell was apparently now punishing them for?

1641

Where were the two most famous sieges of Irish strongholds?

Drogheda and Wexford

Why did Cromwell want to destroy the Irish threat quickly?

so he could get back to England quickly to face the threat from Scotland

When did Cromwell leave Ireland?

May 1650

Who did Cromwell leave behind in Ireland to continue to impose English control?

Ireton

How did Ireton continue to impose English control in Ireland?

commanded an army that remained there until 1660

When did Ireton's army leave Ireland?

1660

Who was the leader of the Scots Covenanters?

Argyll

What did Argyll (leader of Scots Covenanters) declare after the regicide of Charles I?

declared Charles Stuart as Charles II of Scotland

Where did Charles arrive to Scotland from?

the Hague

What made a Scottish invasion of England seem imminent?

arrival of Charles Stuart from the Hague with an army

What was Argyll's (leader os Scots Covenanters) deal with Charles Stuart?

persuaded him to accept the Covenant in exchange for military aid to invade England

Who led the English invasion of Scotland and why?

Cromwell, because Fairfax refused as he was becoming worried about the radicalisation of the army (esp after the regicide)

Who led the Scots in battle against the NMA?

David Leslie

Why did the English invasion of Scotland not start well?

the Scots withdrew behind defensible positions

How big was Cromwell's army originally and how big was it by September 1650? (Scottish invasion)

originally 16,300, reduced to 11,000 by September 1650

How big was the Scottish army in comparison to Cromwell's?

double the size

When did Cromwell defeat the Scottish army?

3 September 1650

Where did Cromwell defeat the Scottish army in September 1650?

Dunbar

How many Scots were killed at Dunbar in September 1650?

3,000

How many Scots were captured at Dunbar in September 1650?

10,000

What were the factors contributing to the success of the NMA in September 1650? (3)

religious motivation, English sea power, England's stronger economy

How did religious motivation help the NMA defeat the Scots?

gave them the confidence to launch an attack where they were greatly outnumbered

How did English sea power help the NMA defeat the Scots?

ensured that Cromwell's forces could be resupplied

How did England's stronger economy help the NMA defeat the Scots?

their army was better funded

When did Lambert attack the Scottish army at Inverkeithing?

1651

Where did Lambert attack the Scottish army in 1651?

Inverkeithing

How many Scots did Lambert's troops kill in 1651?

2000

How many Scots did Lambert's troops capture in 1651?

1400

How many troops did Charles Stuart have to invade England?

20,000

How many troops actually crossed the border with Charles Stuart in his invasion of England?

13,000

What was Charles Stuart's ultimate goal and how could he achieve this?

wanted to secure the English throne, so would have to secure London

What were the main problems Charles Stuart faced in the invasion of England? (5)

many of his troops deserted, army of Scots got little support from the English, republic's intelligence network foiled various plots to overthrow the republic, a rising in Norfolk in December 1650 was quickly suppressed, Charles secured no foreign aid for the invasion

When was there a rising in Norfolk against the republic?

December 1650

How many troops was Charles Stuart faced with when he crossed the border into England?

4,000

Who was leading the 4,000 troops against Charles Stuart when he crossed the border into England? (2)

Lambert and Harrison

Where was the main struggle between the NMA and Charles Stuart's forces?

Worcester

Where did Charles Stuart flee to after the struggle with the NMA at Worcester?

mainland Europe

How many Royalists died at Worcester?

3,000

How many NMA troops died at Worcester?

200

What were the consequences of the English victories in Ireland, Scotland and at Worcester? (2)

saved the Rump in the short term and consolidated Cromwell as a dominant figure