BMD 334 Exam 1

prophase

chromatin pairs condense; microtubules disassemble into tubulin components, which form the mitotic spindle; centriole pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell; mitotic spindle develops between centriole pairs

prometaphase

nuclear envelope breaks down; nucleolus is no longer visible; centrioles reach opposite poles of the cell; chromosomes become linked at centromeres to spindle fibers

metaphase

chromosomes aligned in a plane at the middle of the cell; checkpoint to make sure that there are correct number of chromatid pairs

anaphase

chromatid pairs separate; chromosomes move along the mitotic spindle toward opposite poles

telophase

new nuclear envelopes develop; chromosomes begin to decondense to chromatin; mitotic spindle breaks down

name the 11 organ systems

endocrine, nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive, immune, integumentary, lymphatic

endocrine system

provides communication between cells by releasing hormones into the bloodstream; hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas

nervous system

provides communication between cells through electrical signals and release of neurotransmitters; brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

musculoskeletal system

supports the body, allows voluntary movement, allows facial expressions; skeletal muscle, bones, tendons, ligaments

cardiovascular system

transports molecules throughout the body through the bloodstream; heart, blood vessels, blood

respiratory system

brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body; lungs, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

urinary system

filters the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentration; eliminates waste; kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

gastrointestinal system

breaks down food and absorbs it into the body; mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

reproductive system

generates offspring; gonads, reproductive tracts and glands

immune system

defends the body against pathogens and abnormal cells; white blood cells, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, adenoids

integumentary system

protects the body from the external environment; skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

lymphatic system

activates immune system, filters lymph (excess fluid); bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus

what is a property which is maintained in homeostasis called

regulated variable

error signal

difference between set point and value of regulated variable; can be positive or negative

receptors

sensors that detect stimuli

integrating centers

orchestrate response to stimuli

effectors

carry out response to stimuli

input signals

signals from a receptor to an integrating center

output signals

signals from an integrating center to an effector

hydroxyl group

-OH

sulfhydryl group

-SH

phosphate group

-HPO4

carboxyl group

-COOH

amino group

-NH2

allosteric regulation

modulator molecule binds to the regulatory site on the enzyme, changing the shape and activity of the enzyme

covalent regulation

non-permanently deactivating the enzyme through formation of a covalent bond between the enzyme and a chemical group; phosphate group most common

feedback inhibition

presence of a certain product inhibits the production or presence of a certain enzyme in the reaction

end-product inhibition

end product inhibits beginning enzyme

feedforward activation

presence of one of the intermediates accelerates the production/presence of a later enzyme

change in energy for ATP synthesis

+7kcal/mole

how much ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced during glycolysis

2, 2, 0

how much ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced during linking step

0, 2, 0

how much ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced during krebs cycle

2, 6, 2

how much ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced during ETC

34, 0, 0

does K+ have greater concentration inside or outside the cell

inside

does Na+ have greater concentration inside or outside the cell

outside

endosomes

intercellular communication; multiple vesicles fuse into larger structure; associates with lysosomes and golgi, secretes intracellular material into the extracellular environment

rough ER

ribosomes attach temporarily to aid in translation process; synthesis of proteins to be packaged into vesicles; first steps in synthesizing glycoproteins

smooth ER

lipid synthesis (triglycerides and steroids); calcium storage; detoxification enzymes

golgi apparatus

post-translational packaging of proteins and modifying carbohydrate components; packaging proteins into vesicles and directing to target location

mitochondria

generates ATP; enzymes for the Krebs Cycle; electron transport chain; mitochondrial DNA codes for proteins involved in energy extraction process; iron storage

lysosomes

degrade cellular or extracellular debris; autophagy (self-eating); lipofuscid (compacted material buildup) storage

peroxisomes

degrade some waste molecules (amino acids, fatty acids, toxic foreign substances); byproduct of degradation is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which is also broken down here

microfilaments

associated with plasma membrane; functions in muscle contraction; separation of cytoplasm during cell division; structural support for cell projections

intermediate filaments

framework for maintaining the overall shape of the cell

microtubules

intracellular transport of materials; mitotic spindle, cilia, flagella