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Psychodynamic Theory
Personality is shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense mechanisms
Preconscious Mind
contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed when needed
Unconscious Mind
consists of processes and memories that are beyond conscious awareness and significantly influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Projective Tests
tools used by psychodynamic personality psychologists
to assesses personality by eliciting responses that reveal the contents of the preconscious and unconsious
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scene
Ego Defense Mechanisms
unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and perceived threats
Denial
an individual unconsciously refuses to acknowledge reality or facts, thereby protecting themselves from uncomfortable truths
Displacement
emotional impulses are redirected from the original source to a safer or more acceptable substitute target
Projection
individuals attribute their own unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or motives to someone else, thus deflecting self-criticism
Rationalization
individuals justify and explain their behaviors or feelings in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid confronting the true underlying reasons
Regression
an individual reverts to earlier stages of development and childlike behaviors when faced with stress or emotional conflict
Reaction Formation
individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion
Repression
distressing thoughts and feelings are unconsciously blocked from entering conscious awareness
Sublimation
negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities
Humanistic Psychology
emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual; focusing on self-growth and unconditional positive regard as essential for achieving personal potential
Unconditional Regard
an individual is accepted and loved as they are, without any conditions or judgments, fostering personal growth and self-acceptance
Self-Actualizing Tendency
the innate drive in every individual to grow, develop, and realize their fullest potential
Social-Cognitive Theory
emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, behaviors, and context in understanding personality and human actions
Reciprocal Determinism
concept in social-cognitive theory proposing that an individual's behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and emotions), and environment influence each other interactively
Self-Concept
An individual's perception of themselves, encompassing self-awareness and the evaluation of their role in relation to others
Self-Efficacy
belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations, which plays a crucial role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached
Self-Esteem
A person's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth; it is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self
Trait Theories
suggest that personality is made up of stable characteristics, called traits, that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves
Big Five Theory
identifies five broad dimensions of personality—Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism—that describe the main traits of human personality
Personality Inventories
standardized tools used to assess and measure individual personality traits and characteristics through self-report questionnaires
Factor Analysis
a statistical method used to identify clusters of related items (factors) in a set of data
Openness to Experience
encompasses a person's imagination, curiosity, and willingness to engage with new ideas, experiences, and creative pursuits
Conscientiousness
marked by organization, dependability, discipline, and a goal-directed approach to life
Extraversion
characterized by high levels of sociability, energy, assertiveness, and a strong preference for social interaction and stimulation
Agreeableness
characterized by warmth, kindness, empathy, and a cooperative and trusting nature
Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)
refers to the trait of having consistent emotional reactions, resilience, and the ability to remain calm and composed under stress
