Organic Functional groups

Alkane

ANY single bonded hydrocarbons, C-C

-All sp3

(ex. ethane, methane, propane)

Alkene

ANY double carbon bonds [C=C]

-at least 2sp2

(ex. 2-butene, 1-ethene)

Alkyne

ANY triple carbon bonds [C -tri- C]

-At least 2sp

(ex. ethyne, 2-butyne)

Alkyl halide

alkane with a halogen [R-X]; (halo alkane)

-R is hydrocarbon chain

-x = Cl, Br, F, I (halogen)

Alcohol

OH attached to hydrocarbon chain [R-OH]

- "-anol"

(ex. 1-butanol)

Carbonyl Group

O=C presented in any hydrocarbon (keytones, aldehyde, esters)

Ether

Oxygen attached to two R groups [R-O-R]

(ex. dimethyl ether)

Ester

[RCOOR]

-"oate" (term with it is at end of name)

(ex. methyl ethanoate)

(diff. than ether b/c carbonyl group)

Ketone

carbonyl group inside/mid of hydrocarbon chain

[R-C=O-R] (looks like key)

- "-anone"

(ex. 2-pentanone)

Aldehyde

Carbonyl group at END of hydrocarbon chain [R-CHO] (at end so it can have the H)

- "-al"

(ex. hexanal)

Amine

Has NH2 group at end [R-NH2]

-" add amine"

(ex. methyl amine)

Amide

Has carbonyl and NH2 group at end [R-CONH2]

- " -amide"

(ex. Butanamide)

Carboxylic acid

[R-COOH]

- "-oic acid"

(ex. hexanoic acid)

Thiol

[R-SH] (thing of an alcohol with S instead of O)

- mercapto group (SH)

- "Thio-"

(ex. Thioester, Thioether)

Sulfide

Alkylthio group (single bonds w/ S) [R-S-R]

- "add sulfide"

(ex. dimethyl sulfide)

Acid Chloride

carbonyl bonded to chlorine [CO-Cl]

(ex. acid chloride, work for other halogens CO-Br = acid bromide)

Suffix -ane means?

all single bonds

Suffix -ene means?

double bond

Suffix -yne means?

triple bond

meth- (#C)

1 carbon (methane)

eth- (#C)

2 carbons (ethane)

Prop- (#C)

3 carbons (propane)

But- (#C)

4 carbons (butane)

Pent- (#C)

5 carbons (pentane)

Hex- (#C)

6 carbons (hexane)

hept- (#C)

7 carbons (heptane)

oct- (#C)

8 carbons (octane)

non- (#C)

9 carbons (nonane)

Dec- (#C)

10 carbons (Decane)