Year 10 History exam

Pre-WW2 Japan

- WWI ally of Britain and France, but dissatisfied with the TOV.
- Marked by strong military, economic power, and nationalism.
- Many leaders admired Hitler.

Japanese Empire

Included Korea, Taiwan and parts of China and Indonesia

Japan and Germany

- Large military and economic powers
- 1936 Anti-comintern pact allied the nation if a war broke out

Why did Militant Japan rise?

Post-WWI resentment

strong nationalism,

military strength,

democratic government weakness during the Great Depression,

imperialist ambitions,

and inspiration from Nazi Germany

Threat of Japan to Australia

- Disciplined, determined, skilful army.
- Strong economy and resources.
- Australia vulnerable to invasion; main army in Europe.
- Britain preoccupied with Nazis; no spare resources for aid.

USA enters the war

- US became concerned about Japan, so they banned all exports, which the Japanese navy relied on for oil
- Bombing of Pearl Harbour 7th of December 1941
- US public favoured entering WW2
- December 8th, 1941 the US entered the war

Pearl Harbour Bombing

December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the US Naval Base in Hawaii. They aimed to disable the SU navy fleet to control the Pacific. Destroyed 17 navy vessels, 180 aircraft and killed over 2000 men.

Australian influence on the Pacific war

Due to their location, America set up air and naval bases in Northern Australia, from which attacks were launched. Australia provided troops, sips and planes for many key battles, especially since they were vulnerable to invasion.

WW2 casualties and deaths

Most destructive conflict in human history.
60 million died, 10s of millions displaced across Europe, Asia and the Pacific

Australia in the war

- Nearly 1 million Australians served in WW2
- By 1945, 39,000 had died and 30,000 had been taken prisoner
- 2/3 of prisoners were taken by the Japanese
- Fought in Pacific, Europe, Mediterranean and North Africa

Kokoda Campaign

28th of July to the 13th of November 1942.
Battle between ANZACs and Japan in modern day Papua New Guinea, which was a territory of Australia at the time. Helped define national character and morale.

Japanese objective in Kokoda Campaign

To capture Port Moresby, giving them control of Papua and a base from which they could attack the Australian mainland.

Conditions of the Kokoda Track

- 96km of dense jungle and mountains
- Had to travel by foot and carry equipment
- Tropical diseases like malaria reduced fighting ability
- Many were badly wounded by had to walk due to supply shortages
- Indigenous Papuan populations suffered at the hands of the Japanese, so many helped the ANZACs
- Injury, illness and fatigue
- With American air force help, they were able to push back the Japanese

End of Kokoda Campaign

Despite the odds against them and treacherous conditions, Australian forced triumphed and sent the Japanese troops into retreat. They surrendered in January 1943.

Significance of the Kokoda Campaign

- Despite the conditions and odds, Australia won
- The determination and perseverance to protect their country led to national pride
- Increased nationalism and morale, a turning point leading to more victories
- Preventing invasion, after the bombings of NT many citizens feared invasion
- Contributed to ANZAC legend and national identity

Australian women at war

Australian women played a more active role in WW2 than WW1.
- Demanded to be directly involved
- New organisations trained women in first aid, military drills, etc
- "Women's wages" and poor conditions
- Balanced home life and work

Women in Industry

- Worked in more specialised work
- Paid less than men
- Joined factories and masculine jobs
- Took on mens jobs in their absence

Opposition to women

- Federal government began a campaign for women to join the workforce in 1942 (opposed by many)
- Many women encountered hostility in society
- Newspapers ridiculed it
- Catholic church discouraged women to work
- Trade unions were worried female employment would reduce mens wages

Women vs mens wages 1942

Men's wages: 115 shillings per week
Women's wages: 64 shillings per week

Medical Services and Nursing

- Many women served as nurses on the home front and warfront
- 10,000 women served in the AAMWS
- 3,500 women served in the AANS

Changi POW

- Located in Singapore
- 14,000 Australian soldiers crammed in the Changi camp out of the 100,000 POW
- Less brutal camp than many others
- Biggest change for prisoners was diet (mostly rice and vegetables)
- Digestive problems
- Crowded conditions
- Diseases such as dysentery, malaria and cholera

Burma-Thailand railway

- 1943 build by prisoners of war
- 13,000 Australians worked on it
- Supposed to take 5 years, built in 1 year
- Inadequate diet, appalling work conditions, unhealthy climate
- 2,700 Australians died

Holocaust

The systematic, bureaucratic and state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborated. Means 'sacrifice by fire'.
Perceived as threats, aliens and an inferior race.

Targeted groups in WW2

- Roma/Sinti people (gypsies)
- Physically and mentally disabled people
- Slavic people
- Communists and socialists
- Jehovas witnesses
- Homosexuals
- Jews were the primary victims

Imprisonment and murder of groups

- 200-500,000 Roma/Sinti people taken to camps
- 200,000 disabled people were imprisoned or murdered under the "Euthanasia Program"
- 2-3 million soviet POWs were murdered of died

Colour coding was used in camps to identify prisoners.

Final Solution

The Nazis plan to annihilate Jews. Under Hitler's rule, persecution and segregation was implemented. After September 1939, Polish and West-European Jews were deported to ghettos to live in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions. This was to concentrate and monitor people.

Holocaust post soviet invasion

After June 1941, the invasion of the soviet union, SS and Police began massive killing operations aimed at Jewish communities and ghettos.
By Autumn, they had introduced mobile gas vans, pumped with CO2.

Auschwitz-Birkenau camp

Main/central concentration camp where more than 4 million were killed between 1941-44.

Holocaust in the final months

SS guards took jews by train or by 'death marches' to prevent allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As forces moved across Europe, they began freeing prisoners until May 7th, 1945 when they surrendered.

Holocaust deaths

1933 the Jewish population was over 9 million. 2 out of 3 jewish europeans were killed.
6 million died, around 4 million survived.

Why were atomic bombs being created

The purpose was to end World War II by forcing Japan to surrender through mass destruction and killing. The bombs were developed secretly for fear the germans would develop them firs

Why were they dropped

They were dropped in August 1945 as President Trumans final response to Japan's failure to agree to an unconditional surrender.

Hiroshima atomic bomb

- 6th of August 1945
- Bomb was named 'little boy', known as the ultimate weapon
- Created by international scientists centred in the US

Nagasaki Atomic Bomb

9th August 1945, caused Japanese surrender.
The quick succession of bombings created an overwhelming force against Japan, ending the war faster than land invasion would.

Consequences of the end of WW1

WW1 ended on 11 November 1918, when Germany agreed to an armistice.
Costs of the war:
- Allies lost 5 million soldiers, 13 million wounded.
- Central Powers lost 3.5 million, 8 million wounded.
- Cities, farms and regions destroyed (e.g. France)
- Many in the Allied countries believed Germany should pay for the damage — blamed them for starting WW1.

Interwar years

1919-1939 the period between end of WWI and start of WWII. It was marked by economic hardship, political upheaval, rising tensions and social change.

Significance of Interwar years

- Causes of WW2
- Effects of Treaty of Versailles
- Danger of extremism/governments
- Economic issues fuelling political landscapes

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I. It blamed Germany for the war, forced it to pay reparations, give up land, and reduce its military.

Impacts of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was not permitted to be involved in writing the terms, and was forced to sign with the threat of invasion if they didn't. The treaty humiliated Germany, damaged the economy, was viewed as a punishment and led to the rise of Nazism.

League of Nations

A forum for countries to act together to restrict the build-up of armaments, settle disputes and enforce sanctions on countries that refused to cooperate.
It was created after World War I to keep peace and prevent future wars. However, it failed to stop aggressive countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan.

The Big Three leaders

- Woodrow Wilson (USA)
- David Lloyd George (Britain)
- Georges Clemenceau (France)

Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty

He was opposed to harsh punishment because the US hadn't suffered much damage, and he wanted to create the League of Nations. Wanted peace not punishment.

Georges Clemenceau and the Treaty

Wanted:
- Harsh punishment as revenge for the massive damages
- Didn't want League of Nations
- Disband the german army
- Germany pay all reparations (territorial + economic)

David Lloyd George and the Treaty

Britain wanted enough punishment to make Germany pay but leave them strong enough to still trade.

Reparations

Amends made for wrongs committed by providing payment to those who were wronged.

Causes and effects of the Treaty

1. War guilt clause - humiliation and resentment in Germany- rise of Nazism
2. Limitations of armed forces - less defence made them feel vulnerable
3. Reparations for allied nations to rebuild - economic collapse, hunger and poverty
4. Land terms - attempts to regain lost territory (WW2)
5. League of Nations - caused disputes since they were alienated

Roaring 20's

- During WW1, global production and investment in manufacturing and farming, and production of goods increased to cater to the war effort
- By the 20s countries could produce goods quicker, cheaper & better quality
- Standard of living increased
- People were optimistic

Characteristics of the 1920's

- New inventions, consumerism and social freedoms
- Women gained visibility and freedom (faced backlash)
- Racism, poverty and unrest persisted
- Division and political conflicts in Europe + colonies
- Independence movements inspired by Russia in colonies (Indonesia, India, Vietnam)

Factors/causes of the Great Depression

- Loans and stock investments (in hope of quick money)
- overproduction
- Farming and droughts
- Global reliance on the US (largest economy)
- Economic weakness and financial speculations
- Wall street crash (catalyst)

Wall Street Crash

October 29th, 1929, the New York Stock Exchange collapsed and was the largest loss of money in history. The US stock market decreased by 47%.

Impacts of the Great Depression

- Businesses and banks failed
- Mass unemployment
- Poverty

-social changes, e.g lost of trust in capitalism
- Hunger (governments rationed food)
- Investment in major building projects (to get jobs)

Great Depression impacts on politics

The Great Depression caused mass unemployment, poverty, social changes and many lost trust in democracy. Authoritarian leaders like Hitlers and Mussolini promised quick solutions to complex problems, increased nationalism and therefore rose to power.

Key types of governments pre-ww2

- Democracy (all people are represented)
- Fascism (nation over individuals)
- Communism (everything owned by state)

Fascism

A far-right political system that puts the nation above individuals, led by a strong dictator, and often uses violence, nationalism, and control of the media (e.g. Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany).

Communism

A political and economic system where all property is owned by the state, and wealth is meant to be shared equally. In practice, it often involves strict government control and limited freedoms (e.g. Stalin's USSR).

Nazi Ideology

- Guiding belief system for the party and dictatorship.
- Claimed German Aryans were superior and others were excluded or persecuted
- The state aimed to absorb public life, control media, education and culture
- Wanted to create a volksgemeinschaft

Key events of 1933

- January 30th - Hitler appointed chancellor
- February 27th Reichstag Fire
- February 28th - Reichstag Fire Decree is issued, abolishing many German civil liberties and paving the way for the Nazi seizure of power.

Antisemitism in pre-war Nazi Germany

-Raised taxes for Jewish people
- Required to wear yellow stars
- Restrictions on Jewish marriage, citizenship and property ownership

Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)

November 9, 1938, where jewish people were murdered, arrested and over 7000 businesses trashed and looted.

Causes for the rise of the Nazi Party

- TOV and post-war humiliation
- Resentment for the previous democratic goverment
- Economic collapse and nazi party effectiveness in reviving industries
- Weaknesses in the young weimar (democratic) government
- Hitlers rise to fame and propaganda skills

Why Appeasement was implemented

- Memories of WWI: people wanted to avoid a repeat of the horrors of war
- Economic Problems: The Great Depression left countries weak and struggling financially
- Belief that Hitler was right: Some thought the TOV had been too harsh and Hitler was correcting it
- Lack of Military Strength: Britain and France were not prepared for war in the early 1930s
- Fear of Communism: Belief that Germany's strength might stop the spread of communism from the Soviet Union
The appeasement policy allowed Hitler to expand his power greatly.

Why Did Appeasement Fail?

- Hitler could not be trusted - he kept breaking promises.
- Each concession made Hitler bolder and more aggressive.
- It gave Germany time to grow stronger militarily.
- Other nations began to lose trust in Britain and France.

Why Germany invaded Poland

- Treaty of Versailles resentment, sought to reclaim lost land and prestige.
- Lebensraum ideology: Hitler believed Germany needed Poland for expansion
- Polish border guarantees, Britain and France promised to defend Poland, but Hitler doubted they would act
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

August 1939, a secret non-agression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, agreeing to divide Poland and countries between them into 'spheres of influence'. It paved the way for invasion.

Blitzkreig

Type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces with coordinated bombings and tank forces attacking Poland from multiple fronts. Polish forces were quickly encircled and overwhelmed; Warsaw and major cities came under heavy bombardment.

Invasion and start of WW2

- On 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany after Hitler refused to withdraw.
- End of appeasement: Earlier concessions — including to Austria and Czechoslovakia — had failed to restrain Hitler in the past, Poland was the final straw.
- Global conflict began, the declarations of war transformed a regional boundary dispute into a full-scale European war that expanded worldwide.