CS Exam

What is Anthropology

The study of human societies and their culture and behaviour.

4 Fields of Anthropology and definitions

Biological: The biological focus on humans; evolution, genetics and adaptations

Archaeological: Evolution humans and human history

Cultural: Study of societies and cultures

Linguistic: How language influences culture and society

What are the Characteristics of Culture

Shared - Food

Learned - Through social interactions: Language

Dynamic - How it adapts: in response to tech

Integrated - Aspects absorbed from other cultures: government

Symbols - Represent the culture: flag, clothes, symbols

Ethics and Principles

Ethics are a framework for making moral decisions and morals differ from person to person.

-Integrity; being honest with findings

-Informed Consent; patient fully informed of all aspects

-Beneficence and Nonmaleficence; for benefit of patient with no intention to harm

-Autonomy; patients have the right to their own body

-Confidentiality; personal information must be protected

-Accountability; taking responsibility for decisions no matter the consequences

What is Race

A social construct that categorises people based on physical appearance, created by those in power to justify their own actions. Occured during 16th Century, due to colonisation.

What is Racism

The discrimination or prejudice against people based on their race or ethnic group.

What is social Identity? How is it shaped?

It is your place in society, shaped by age, gender, culture among other things. Personality is also shaped by these, but as well as life experiences.

What is Darwin’s theory of Evolution? Impacts?

Darwin’s theory of evolution states that species change over time through the natural selection of traits that help an organism survive and reproduce.

His theory drastically changed the world; leading to larger focus on science, shift away from Church, focus and building of Anthropology among other sciences.

Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality

States the psyche is structured into 3 elements; id, ego and superego. Human behaviour is the result of interactions between 3 parts of mind.

Theory of Psyche:

Id - instinctual drives and pleasure

Ego - mediates between desire and reality; for practicality

Superego - enforces moral standards and acts as conscience

3 levels of mind;

Conscious - what we’re aware of

Preconscious - what we COULD be aware of (by thinking)

Unconscious - contains thoughts, memories and desires we’re unaware of but influences our behaviour

Carl Jung’s Theory of Personality

States the unconscious controls conscious behaviour and thinking. Interactions between unconscious and conscious.

Ego - Conscious centre of personality and identity

Personal Unconscious - Experiences or memories repressed or forgotten

Collective Unconscious - A universal layer shared by all humans

Difference between Freud and Jung

Freud focused on unconscious and repressed desires and primal instincts that drive humans. Dreams are wish fulfillment. Personal experiences and sexual drives.

Jung focused on universal human behaviour and archetypes. Also on spirituality and personal meaning. Dreams are communication between unconscious and conscious. Humans are connected and deeper meanings.

Archetypes; hero, mother, shadow

Self-awareness and types of Orientation

Self Awareness is the ability to recognise and understand one’s self, one’s thoughts and feelings.

Orientation:

Object - ability to differentiate oneself as a separate individual

Spacial - ability to navigate and interact with surroundings

Temporal - ability to understand concept of time and your place in it

Normative - moral values that dictate appropriate behaviour

What is complexes, perspective function, compensatory function?

Complexes - collection of thoughts, feelings and memories centered around a concept.

Perspective function - helps person look to the future

Compensatory function - helps balance aspects of personality

What is Culture and Adaptation?

A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas and values that generate behaviour.

Adaptation is the gradual process of organisms adjusting to their environment.

Subcategories of culture.

Subculture?

Counter culture?

Maladaptive culture?

Subculture - A group that follows similar values and beliefs to mainstream culture but has slightly differing ideas and interests.

Counter culture - A way of life or set of attitudes that opposes mainstream culture.

Maladaptive culture - Culture with beliefs or practises that have negative consequences on its people.

Terms:

High culture

Low Culture

Mainstream culture

Ethnocentrism

Multiculturalism

Cultural lag

Cultural diffusion

Enculturation

Worldview

Cultural upheaval

Revitalisation movement

5 F’s

High culture - cultural patterns that distinguish society’s elite.

Low culture - popular behaviours and beliefs

Mainstream culture - set of beliefs, values and practises belonging to the majority of people

Ethnocentrism - judging a culture by standards of another

Multiculturalism - recognising cultural diversity and advocating for equal standing of all cultures

Cultural lag - some cultures that change more slowly than others

Cultural diffusion - traits diffuse into other cultures

Enculturation - culture passed from one generation to the next
Worldview - collective body of ideas and views that members of a culture share on their reality

Cultural Upheaval - a shift or disruption in culture that causes action (positive or negative)

Revitalisation Movement - social movements for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and distress

5 F’s - Food, Flags, Festivals, Famous Faces and Fashion