Review Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards from lecture notes.

Commodity

Something valuable that can be traded, such as oil or grain (Товар).

Valuable commodity

A particularly important or rare resource (Ценный товар).

Grid

An organized system, like a road or energy network (Организованная система).

Tremendous

Extremely large or impressive (Огромный).

To pinpoint

To locate or identify something with precision (Точно определить).

For instance

Introducing an example (Например).

As a shrine

A place of worship or religious center (Как святыня).

Shrine

A place associated with religious worship (Святыня).

Ingenuity

The ability to create innovative solutions (Изобретательность).

Foresightedness

The ability to anticipate the future and plan accordingly (Предусмотрительность).

Relatively

Относительно в сравнении с чем-то другим

Might have emerged

A likely hypothesis about the past (Возможно, возникли).

Commodity

Something valuable that can be traded, such as oil or grain (Товар).

Demand

The desire and ability to purchase a product (Спрос).

Apparently

It seems, as it appears (Очевидно).

Prosperous life

A life with a high standard of living (Процветающая жизнь).

Magnet

Something that attracts people (e.g., a city) (Магнит).

Emerges

Becomes visible or noticeable (Появляется).

Necessitate

To make something necessary (Обусловливать).

The thriving

The process of active growth and development (Процветание).

Wealth

An abundance of resources or money (Богатство).

Coerce

To force someone through pressure or threats (Принуждать).

Rival

A competitor or adversary (Соперник).

A competitive edge over its neighbors

A better position in the market or economy compared to others (Конкурентное преимущество).

Well-exploited

Used to advantage (Хорошо использованный).

Readily available

Easily and quickly obtained (Легко доступный).

Sophisticated toolmakers

People who make complex and well-designed tools (Искусные инструментальщики).

Obtained by access to exotic goods

Resources obtained through trade with other regions (Полученный благодаря доступу к экзотическим товарам).

Relatively prosperous life

Not luxurious, but stable and sufficient (Относительно благополучная жизнь).

Its shrine (or shrines) that emerges

Referring to religious structures appearing in a culture (Его святыня (или святыни), которая появляется).

Irrigation

A watering system for agriculture (Ирригация).

Introductory

Introductory or initial (Вводный).

The demise

Death, fall, or cessation of existence (Упадок).

Alterations

Changes in form or structure (Изменения).

Preserved in seafloor sediments

Geological traces in sediments (Сохраненные в морских отложениях).

to retreate

3. ослабевать, отступать to become weaker or withdraw

Extinct

A completely disappeared biological species (Вымерший).

Shallow

Мелкий не глубокий, поверхностный; lacking depth

Dissatisfaction

A feeling of dissatisfaction (Неудовлетворенность).

Extinction

Complete disappearance of a species (Вымирание).

Abruptly

Suddenly and abruptly (Внезапно).