Weather and Climate

What is Weather?

The state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place.

What is Climate?

The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time.

What is the standard for climatic records?

30 Years

Climate Deals with both averages and _

Extremes

Climate deals with both _ and extremes

Averages

It is raining today in Chicago is an example of what?

Weather

Madison, WI averages 1.47” of precipitation in the month of January is an example of what?

Climate

What is “Meteorology”?

The study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena.

What year did official weather reports start to be kept in China?

1060 B.C.

When were the first routine weather observations in Europe?

500 B.C.

When did Aristotle write his book:

Meteorologica?

350 B.C.

When did Galileo Galilei invent the thermometer?

1593

When did Evangelista Torricelli invent

the barometer?

1643

When did Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invent his

temperature scale?

1714

What temperature in Fahrenheit is the freezing point of water?

32

What temperature in Fahrenheit is the boiling point of water?

212

In what year did Anders Celsius invent his temperature scale?

1742

What temperature in Celsius is the freezing point of water?

0

What temperature in Celsius is the boiling point of water?

100

Who was the first American Meteorologist?

Benjamin Franklin

Who discovered that discovered that lightning is

electricity?

Benjamin Franklin

Luke Howard, UK, names all the clouds

using _ names.

Latin

Why did Fahrenheit stop being used across the world?

Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte issued a decree that the Fahrenheit temperature scale would no longer be used throughout the Empire.

In 1812, U.S. Army hospital surgeons start doing what?

Taking and recording weather observations

Who drew the first weather map?

H.W. Brandes

Who invented the telegraph?

Samual Finley & Breese Morse

In 1849 the U.S. Department of War’s Army Signal Corps started doing what?

Taking weather observations and transmitting them via telegraph.

in 1850 The Smithsonian Institution in D.C starts using telegraphed weather observations to produce what?

The first daily weather maps.

Which country began the first officially sanctioned national weather service?

Belgium

Who formulated the concepts of air masses and weather fronts?

Vilhelm & Jacob Bjerknes

After WW II. Surplus military radars were transformed into what?

Precipitation measuring tools

What was TIROS I?

The first weather satellite

When was the launch of the first geostationary

weather satellite (ATS)?

1967

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, what was deployed to help the public?

Weather radio systems

In the 1990s, what replaced conventional radar for weather observation?

Doppler Radar

If Earth was the size of a beachball, how thick would the atmosphere be?

Thinner than a piece of paper

What is the Atmosphere?

The atmosphere is a thin blanket of gasses above the earth’s surface which envelope the planet.

What keeps the atmosphere close to the earth’s surface?

GRAVITY!

Which of the following is a major permanent gas?

Nitrogen

Which of the following is a major permanent gas?

Oxygen

Which of the following is a major permanent gas?

Argon

Which of the following is a variable gas?

Water Vapor

Which of the following is a variable gas?

Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following is a variable gas?

Methane

Which of the following is a variable gas?

Nitrous Oxide

Which of the following is a variable gas?

Ozone

Which of the following is a variable gas?

CFC

4.6 Billion years ago, our atmosphere was most likely

hydrogen and helium

Where did oxygen come from?

Cynaobacteria

H2O is a

greenhouse gas

Carbon Dioxide only makes up only _ of the atmosphere

0.040%

Oceans hold more than _ the total

atmospheric CO2 content

50 times

Like H2O (water vapor), CO2 is a

Greenhouse gas

CO2 Levels Are

Rising

Gravity holes the atmosphere _ to the earth.

Close

As we go up in the atmosphere density will

Decrease

As altitude increases, air pressure will

Decrease

Where in our atmosphere does all our weather take place?

Troposphere

In the troposphere, temperature _ as height increases?

Decreases

The Tropopause is the

Boundary between Troposphere and Stratosphere

In the Tropopause, the temperature profile is

Isothermal

Isothermal means

Constant temperature with height

The Temperature in the Stratosphere goes _ with height?

Up

The Stratosphere is _ cold

very

In the Stratosphere, what absorbs ultraviolet solar energy?

Ozone

The Stratopause is the

Boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere

In the Mesosphere, temperature _ with height.

Decreases

The composition of the Mesosphere is mostly

N2 and O2

The Mesosphere has very little

Ozone

The mesosphere, at 85km above the earths surface is around _oF?

-130

The Mesopause is the

Boundary between the

mesosphere and

thermosphere.

In the Thermosphere, temperature _ with height?

Increases

How many atoms are in the Thermosphere?

Very Few

What is “Energy”

The ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter

Potential Energy

The energy that a body

possesses by virtue of its position with

respect to other bodies in the field of

gravity.

Kinetic Energy

The energy within a body that is the

result of its motion.

1 Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor

can it be destroyed.

Temperature

A measure of the average speed

of atoms and molecules comprising a matter.

Higher Temperature =>

Faster Molecules

Lower Temperature =>

Slower Molecules

At absolute zero there is a minimum amount of

energy, and theoretically

no thermal motion

The Kelvin scale begins at

Absolute zero

The Kelvin scale has the _ increment as the celsius scale?

Same

What is “heat”?

Energy in the process of being

transferred from one object to another

because of the temperature difference

between the the two objects.

Heat is _ temperature.

Not

Heat Capacity

The ratio of the heat

absorbed (released) by a system to the

corresponding temperature rise (fall).

Water has a _ heat capacity

High

Heat capacity is also known as

Specific heat