AP PSYCH u1.3-1.5 : SOC , sensation , perception

stimulants

lexcite neural activity and speed up body functions

depressants

depress neural activity and slow down body functions

hallucinogens

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o input

opioids

depress NS activity , lower pain and anxiety

addiction

neurophysio disorder w intense and persistent urge to use a drug/behsivor

withdrawal

adverse symptoms from suddenly stopping drug/behavior use

psychoactive drug

alters brain - changes in perception and mood

substance use disorder

continued substance use despite disruption

tolerance

getting immunity / ‘used to’ effects of a drug/bheavior

barbiturates

deprsss NS activity (tranquilizers)

near death experience

altered SOC after almost dying

consciousness

subjective awareness of selves and environment

sleep/wake cycle

cycle of sleeping and waking

circadian rhythm

biological 24 hr clock for body functions

NREM SLEEP

N1-3

N1

has hallucinations and hypnagogic sensations (falling)

N2

sleep spindles yay

N3

deep sleep - big and slow delta waves

REM

vivid dreams, relaxed muscles and active body systems

REM rebound

REM sleep increases night after not getting enough

activation synthesis dream theory

dreams are how we synthesize random neural activity

consideration / inf process dream theory

sort out day’s events and consolidate memories

insomnia

trouble falling or staying asleep

narcolepsy

sudden drowsiness

REM sleep behavior disorder

acting out dream while asleep (motor and vocal)

sleep apnea

stop breathing during sleep

somnambulism

complex motor behavior while asleep

cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked w cognition

dual processing

info is simultaneously processed on conscious/unconscious tracks

blindsight

react to visual stimuli w/o actually perceiving it (blind folks)

parallel processing

multiple aspects processed simultaneously

sequential processing

process info one at a time

alpha waves

somewhat slow in a relaxed/awake state

hallucinations

false sensory experiences

delta waves

big and slow when deep sleep

hypnagogic sensations

short bursts of falling/floating feeling

sensation

process where sensory receptors receive and represent stimuli energy from environment

transduction

converting 1 form of energy to another

perception

organizing and interpreting sensory jnf

sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

bot up processing

start w input and slowly make sense

top dow processing

see what we expect to (guided by experience)

absolute threshold

min stimulus neeeded to detect 50% of time

signal detection theory

how/when we detect a faint stimulus w background stimulation

subliminal

below absolute threshold - not detectable 50% of time

priming

activate certain associations to predispose your perception

JND

min diff between 2 stimuli to be detected 50% o time

sensory adaptation

decreased reactivity based on increased exposure

webers law

2 must differ by constant min % to be different

sensory interaction

1 sense may affect another

synesthesia

linking of senses - seeing sound or tasting colors, etc etc

retina

inner eyeball w rods and cones (process visual info)

fovea

greatest visual acuity (central focal point)

optic nerve

vision , axons of ganglion cells

wavelength

measured by freq (pitch) and amp (vol)

hue

color (determined by wavelength)

blind spot

where optic nerve leaves retina (can’t see : no rods/cones)

lens

focuses images on retina by changing shape

accommodation

lens changing curvature/thickness to focus rays

rods

grayscale, value, peripheral on retina, night vision

cones

color (rgb) , works best in brightness, fine detail

trichromatic color theory

rods have rgb, combine to make other colors

opponent process theory

opposing retinal processes enable color vision

feature detectors

nerve cells that respond to angles, edges, lines, and movement

afterimages

seeing remnant of visual stimuli after it’s gone physically

prosopagnoisa

complete sensation in absence of perception (face blindness)

place theory

hearing different pitches because different locations on basillar membrane cochlea triggered

frequency theory

pitch based in frequency of neural impulses traveling up viii

cochlea

snail shell w fluid (sound waves in fluid trigger nerve impulses)

olfaction

scent reached nose receptor cells at top of nasal cavity

pheromones

affects species’ members unconsciously (scent)

gustation

taste

oleogustus

fatty taste

tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, oleogustus

pain circuit

noireceptors send neural impulse to CNS for brain to interpret as pain

gate control theory

gate dictates what’s considered pain or not (blocked/let in)

phantom limb sensation

feeling like a nonexistent limb is there

kinesthesis

position and motion detectors throughout body (sense of movement n stuff)

vestibular sense

sense o balance (semicircle canals and vestibular sacs)

hearing losses

sensorineural (neural/receptors dmged) or conduction (eardrum/bones)

perceptual sets

bias to perceive certain aspects and ignore others

gestalt

how we organize/group stuff

closure

filling in gaps to see a whole

figure ground

perceiving stuff as a figures or background

proximity

closeness to others

similarity

visual similarity to others

selective attention

focus on 1 stimulus and ignore others

inattentional blindness

failing to see stuff when attention focused elsewhere

cocktail party effect

hearing ur name at a loud crowded party

binocular cue

depth cues w both eyes

convergence

eyes turn inward to see closer things and such

retinal disparity

comparing retinal images to perceive depth based on difference

monocular cue

depth cues dependent on 1 eye only

relative clarity/size

far things are blurry or small

texture gradient

see details up close

linear perspective

parallel stuff converges in the distance

interposition

things in front of others are closer

perceptual/color constancy

brightness/color/light doesn’t change an object

depth perception

see objects in 3d

visual cliff

device mimicking a cliff to test depth perception in babies and baby animals