Healthy Populations - Block 2

Legislative Branch

the branch of government that establishes the laws and provides funding to different departments

Executive Branch

all the departments and agencies that create regulations to implement laws

A lot of federal laws have _______ in their name

act

Divisions of executive branch in order from most to least powerful

1.) department

2.) agency

3.) center/program/division/bureau

Departments have ________, and agencies have __________

agencies; centers/programs/divisions/bureaus

Two international organizations

1.) World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)

2.) World Health Organization (WHO)

WOAH is primarily animal or public health?

animal health

Role of WOAH

create codes and manuals that determine how countries can implement trade requirements for terrestrial and aquatic animals and their products

What do the manuals created by WOAH set?

set standards for the diagnosis of diseases listed

WOH is primarily animal or public health?

public health

Roles of WOH (3)

1.) do infectious and chronic disease work including outbreak responses

2.) food safety

3.) antimicrobial resistance

Eight federal agencies

1.) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

2.) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

3.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

4.) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

5.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

6.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

7.) Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA)

8.) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Is APHIS primarily animal or public health?

animal health

APHIS is an _____________ under which department?

agency; USDA

APHIS has three programs

1.) Veterinary Services

2.) Wildlife Services

3.) Animal Care

APHIS regulates ____________

vaccines! (for animals)

Roles of the Veterinary Services program of APHIS

-responds to foreign animals diseases!

-creates a lists of reportable animal diseases

-regulates National veterinary services laboratories (NVSL)

Roles of the Wildlife Services program of APHIS

-national rabies management program

-manage wildlife damage, disease threats, livestock predation, and crop losses

-oversees how people, agriculture, and wildlife can coexist

Animal Care program of APHIS

implements the Animal Welfare Act and Horse Protection Act

Roles of the Animal Care program of APHIS

-implement the animal welfare act by inspecting zoos, exhibitions, and research

-inspect importation of dogs for commercial purposed

-end horse soring

Is Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) primarily animal or public health?

animal health

Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is a __________ under which department?

agency; USDA

Role of FSIS

-prevents illness from meat, poultry, and egg products

-inspects implants

-provides extensive information about zoonotic diseases

Is the CDC primarily animal or public health?

public health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an _________ under which department?

agency; department of health and human services (HHS)

Role of CDC

-provides extensive information about zoonotic diseases

-regulates the center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases

Is National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) primarily animal or public health?

public health

NIOSH is an ________ under which department?

agency; department of health and human services (HHS)

Role of NIOSH

do reaserch and make recommendations for prevention of work related injuries and illness

is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) primarily animal or public health?

public

FDA is an ________ under which department?

agency; department of health and human services (HHS)

Roles of FDA

-regulate animal drugs, antimicrobials, animal feed, and pet food

-regulates flea and tick products

Role of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

-regulates insecticides, fungicide, and rodenticides

-regulates flea and tick products

-regulates disinfectants

Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) is an ____________ under what department?

agency; department of labor

Role of OSHA

regulate workplace safety

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is an _________ under what department?

agency; department of justice

Role of DEA

regulates controlled substances

Three state organizations

1.) Ohio department of agriculture (ODA)

2.) Ohio department of health (ODH)

3.) regional/local health departments

Is Ohio department of agriculture (ODA) primarily animal or public health?

animal health

ODA roles

-animal health

-commercial dog breeding

-dairy

-food safety

-laboratory

-livestock care standards

-meat inspection

Is Ohio department of health (ODH) primarily animal or public health?

public health

ODH roles

-provides extensive information about zoonotic diseases

-regulates emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases

-determines outbreak responses

You are a veterinarian in private practice and you have a separate boarding kennel which is often full. The sealed concrete floors and walls are great for disinfectability but the noise is quite loud. Which agency requires that staff working in a loud environment must wear hearing protection?

OSHA

You are a veterinarian in private practice and you have a separate boarding kennel which is often full. The sealed concrete floors and walls are great for disinfectability but the noise is quite loud. Which agency did research on noise exposure and hearing assessments in animal shelter workers, later publishing a recommended db level that should not be exceeded without hearing protection?

NIOSH

You are a zoo veterinarian doing conservation work with monkeys in the Democratic Republic of Congo. You develop signs of mpox virus and are diagnosed at a local health clinic. Which international agency is working with countries affected by the mpox outbreak to help them control the spread of this disease?

WHO

Classical swine fever was eradicated from the US in 1978. You are a swine veterinarian who suspected cases of this disease and contacted the USDA, who confirmed the presence of ASF. Which international agency must USDA report these cases to?

WOAH

There is political unrest in Haiti and civilians have a food security issue. Although many relief agencies are working to bring food to the people, there is concern for economic collapse if the food production is not sustained. They need animal feed and other key agricultural supplies. Which agency should they contact?

FAO

You are an emergency veterinarian who treated a couple of dogs with seizures, one died. They had all seen the same groomer today who had used a new flea/tick shampoo. You notified the manufacturer, but should also contact the regulatory agency to report these concerns. Who regulates these insecticidal shampoos?

EPA

You are a general practitioner and need to contact the agency that regulates oral and injectable flea and tick products. Who should you contact?

FDA

The ________ regulates internal flea and tick products, the ________ regulates external flea and tick products

FDA; EPA

Topical medications, like medicated shampoos, are regulated by _________

FDA (if it is a medicine, it is FDA)

You are a mixed animal veterinarian in OH and visit a farm that is experiencing a large number of deaths in their chicken flock. Approximately half of them died within 2 days and sick chickens are displaying neurological signs. After talking with the owner and assessing the environment you feel confident this was not toxicity and are concerned that it's an infectious disease. Which agency/agencies should be contacted?

USDA and ODA (reportable diseases need to have both contacted)

You are a state public health veterinarian who investigated a food borne outbreak of listeria traced back to sausage sold to pizza shops. This will be reported through FoodNet. Which federal agency will issue a recall on the sausage?

FSIS

You are a state public health veterinarian who investigated a food borne outbreak of listeria traced back to cheese sold to pizza shops. This will be reported through FoodNet. Which federal agency will issue a recall on the cheese?

FDA

Food borne outbreaks involving dairy are reported to ________ while food borne outbreaks involving meat are reported to ________

FDA; FSIS

You are a veterinarian in general practice who treated 5 dogs who you diagnosed with Salmonella. It turns out this is part of a larger outbreak associated with pet food affecting over 40 dogs and 5 people in 3 states. Which agency has authority to issue a recall of the food?

FDA

Which agency regulates pet food?

FDA

You are a large animal veterinarian in OH. While you examined a horse, its owner was bitten. There is a bruise and the bite broke the skin but the owner seems fine. Who should you report this bite to?

Local health department

A recent study found that 37% of inspected veterinary clinics had discrepancies in their controlled substance inventories, highlighting the need for accurate record keeping and management. These types of record keeping issues cold lead to a fine or the loss of license with this agency.

DEA

Veterinary Preventative Medicine

measures taken to detect, prevent, and control diseases affecting animals, food, and humans

Three levels of prevention

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

Primary prevention

interventions that take place before a disease or injury occurs in an animal; targets healthy individuals/populations and aims to prevent their exposure to risk factors

Primary prevention targets __________ individuals/populations

healthy

Examples of primary prevention

1.) vaccine programs

2.) parasite control

3.) nutritional counseling

4.) health education

Secondary prevention

focuses on the early detection and rapid treatment of an existing disease or health condition

goal of secondary prevention

to catch existing problems in their earlier, often asymptomatic, stages to minimize their impact

Examples of secondary prevention

1.) annual wellness exams

2.) screening tests

3.) pre-anesthetic bloodwork

4.) dental exams

5.) mastitis screening

Tertiary prevention

occurs after a disease or injury has been diagnosed

Goal of tertiary prevention

to manage the condition, stop or slow its progression, and improve quality of animal's life

Examples of tertiary prevention

1.) rehabilitation therapy

2.) chronic disease management

3.) chemotherapy

4.) post injury support

5.) symptom management

Why does population medicine matter

health and disease at the population levels influences the health and disease at the individual level

individual + population medicine = ____________ medicine

comprehensive

Model of individual medicine/patient centered care

diagnose --> treatment --> follow-up

Examples of individual centered prevention

-regular veterinary visits

-vaccines

-parasite prevention

-nutritional/dental care

-behavior counseling

-screening tests

-spay/neuter

-PPE

Model of population medicine/group centered care

surveillance --> intervention --> evaluate

surveillance of population medicine/group centered care

collection of data from populations to monitor trends and detect risks

Examples of surveillance

herd health checks,

intervention of population medicine/group centered care

strategies to prevent ant control disease spread and impact

evaluation of population medicine/group centered care

collection of data to measure impact of intervention of health and adjust protocols

Examples of population centered prevention

-herd vaccination

-biosecurity

-nutriton

-reproductive management

-parasite management

-ventilation

-lameness prevention

-culling

Common approaches to population prevention

-health assessments

-risk analysis

-surveillance

-biosecurity

-health education

Population and individual prev med are not....

Two regulatory agencies in occupational safety:

1.) NIOSH

2.) OSHA

NIOSH

part of CDC within the US Department of Health and Human Services

NIOSH role

conducts research and makes recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness

OSHA

regulatory agency within the US Department of Labor

OSHA role

sets and enforces standards for safe helathy working conditions; provides training, outreach, education, and assistance

NIOSH provides __________ while OSHA provides __________

recommendations; regulations

Do OSHA regulations apply to federal employees, or state/local government employees?

federal employees

Since OSHA regulations only apply to federal employees, how do the states have regulation?

states develop their own plan which approved by OSHA; has to either meet or exceed their standards

When will NIOSH come to veterinary practices?

to complete health hazard evaluations

NIOSH completes health hazard evaluations only when ____________

invited

Health hazard evaluations by NIOSH

determines whether harmful exposures, processes, or conditions exist OR cause injuries or illnesses

Results of Health hazard evaluations by NIOSH

after assessing any health hazards present in the premise, produce a report with recommendations on protection

When will OHSA come to veterinary practices?

when complaints are filed OR when invited

What will OSHA do when complaints are filed?

will do a complete inspection based on the complaint, then can fine you if you are not following regulations

Two most common OSHA violations

1.) blocked emergency exits or boxes being stacked too high

2.) chemical hazards

What will OSHA do when you invite them?

will do an on-site consultation and make commendations for non-compliance; will not fine you if you have a violation

Three responsibilities of employers and workplace safety

1.) identify hazards and make employees aware of risks

2.) comply with OSHA standards

3.) prominently display the OSHA rules

Standards of OSHA

rules and guidelines enforced to ensure workplaces are safe and healthy