Heme Mod 2 Ch.1

Why is hematology so signifigant in healthcare?

It is signifigant because it’s identifying conditions in a patients blood and to predict the how bone marrow may contribute to a condition

How is hematology about relationships?

Because there’s a relationship between bone marrow and systemic circulation, the relationship of plasma enviroment and the red blood cell, and the relationship of hemohlobin and the red cell.

What is the initial power for an binocular microscope?

10x

How does the lighting on a microscope work?

A light located under the diaphragm and is beamed through filters

What is the term used for the eyepieces on a microscope?

Oculars

What are the objectives on a microscope and the names with them?

• 10x lo power

• 40x hi power

• 100x oil magnification

What does NA refer to on a microscopes objectives?

It refers to the resolution power of the objective that has the ability to gather light and distinguish objects in close proximity

What does the tube length refer to?

It refers to the distance between the eyepiece and the objective

What does magnification mean?

Refers to how large the image appears and how much the viewing field can be observed.

How does a objectives on a microscope work?

They work many lenses and prisms that produce high quality images.

What is the function of the iris diaphargm on a microcscope?

It increases and decreases light from the light source

How does light source help with viewing the structure of the nucleus?

Depending on the sample some cells need more light

What is the function of the stage on a microscope?

It is a flat surface for holding the sample as well as an opening for light to show and has clips to secure the slide.

What is the coarse and fine adjustment used for a microscope?

These nobs are used to focuse the image by lifting the stage

Images cannot be seen at any power, how is this resolved?

Flip the slide because it could be upside down

Why can fine details not be seen on immature cells under a microscope?

Because one is not using the oil objective

Why can the 40x objective be blurry?

Due to the oil objective being slid across and leaving residue both on the slide and objective

Why are digitial microscopes used in a laboratory?

They are used at times because they can scan smears, identify them, preform a wbc diff, and take pictures for future review.

What items are considered PPE in the lab?

Gloves, masks, eye and face shields, countertop shields, and fluid resistant gowns/lab coats.

When should gloves be changed?

Immediatly after gloves have been damaged or contaminated, after each patient, and removed before exiting the lab.

What kind of protection should a lab coat provide?

A lab coat should be fluid resistant with long sleeves and wrist cuffs/

What should you do if your lab coat becomes contaminated?

They should be discarded and treated as a biohazardous material. If they are cloth they can be laundered.

Why are counter top and face shields useful in the lab?

Because they can minimize risk of aerosol and specimen splashes.

What is the most effective handwashing method?

Using soap and warm water on the hands and wrist for 10 to 15 seconds.

When should you wash your hands?

Hands should be washed before and after a patient, each time gloves are removed, and any time hands regardless of ungloved or gloved have ben contaminated with body fluids.

Where should needles, blades, pipettes, syringes, and glass slides be discarded?

In a puncture proof sharps container

What is the best method to protect mucous membranes while in the lab?

No touching your mouth, no pipetting by mouth, and keep objects away from the face.

How should a person groom themselves for work in the lab?

Long hair should be pulled back, beards can be no longer than an inch, fingernails can only be ¼ of an inch, and no jelewry.

How should a fire hazard be taken care of in the lab?

• Rescue

• Alarm

• Contain

• Extinguish and evacuate

How do you prevent an electrical fire in the lab?

labling chemicals, minimizing flammale chemicals and gases, cleaning flammable chemical spills, discarding flammable wast properly, keeping work areas clean, and keeping fire barriers

Why would you refer to the SDS in a lab?

You would refer to the SDS in the event of a chemical being inhaled, injested, or through skin contact.

What is the first step in keeping yourself safe from hazardous chemicals?

Labling

What is it called when infections are aquired through a health care setting?

Nosocomial transmission

Where does items such as needles, broken glass, test tubes, coverslips, and glass slides need to be discarded?

The riged red biohazard box

What is the box that is rigid box that is puncture resistant, leak proof, maintained upright, no overfill, floresent orange to orange red, with letters in contrasting colors?

Sharps container

If a sample of urine was shipped from one lab to another lab, what kind of bag should it be shipped in?

A clia approved leak proof, reclosable bag for biohazardous specimens.

A centrifuge is being used for blood samples, how should you properly use the centrifuge when needing a specimen?

When you need a specimen, you always wait for the centrifuge to come to a complete stop before removing and uncapping the tube.

Why should you never recapp a needle?

Because most needle sticks happen when recapping

Describe reference intervals?

Is a specific rang e for a specific population that are normal and use specific analytes, methods, and instrumentation.

What is the number of patient samples needed to represent a population?

25 samples ranging from men, women, adults, and children.

What are delta checks?

It is a comparision of current patient result and the patients previous results .

Why do we need delta checks in mlt?

It provides an opportunity to identify a reason for veriation before testing results.

What can happen if delta checks weren’t ran?

This would cause preanalytic problems, misdientfied samples, analytic errors, and changed in the patients condition.

What are results called when a result is too high or too low from the reference range?

Critical values

Why is quality control important in the lab?

It is a comprehensive and systematic process that strives to ensure reliable patient results. Includes ever level of laboratory opreration.

What does parts do quality assurance cover?

Phlebotomy services, competency testing, error analysis, start protocals, ppe, quality control, and turnaround time.

Why is reflex testing so important in mlt?

They are important because any errors made can be flagged and anything abnormal can be verified.

Why is quality control such an important part in the clinical laboratory?

Because it ensures accuracy, reliability, and saftey of results, ensuring a safegaurd to patient health and trust.

what is the analytic method?

It is the use of instrumentation and reagents to prove that accurate analysis of results.

What is a pre analytical error?

Is a factor that affects a sample before testing

Give an example of a pre analytical error

A patient forgetting to fast before a routine check up with a blood test at the end causing abnormal levels of cholesterol in his blood.

The phlebotomist had sent a sample to the lab late. When observed by a technician, it appeared to be coagulated. What type of analytical error was this?

Pre analytical

What is a post analytical error?

They are errors that happen after testing

A patients sample was tested, however the results came back more abnormal then usual despite the patient being a healthy male adult. Both phlebotomist and technician didn’t verify the patients sample before putting in results. What error would this be considered?

post analytical

What are standards/calibrators?

Solutions that thave a known amount of analyte, the analyzing helps to calibrate the instrument.

Give an examled of a post analytical error.

A misdiagnosis based on an erroneous factors that resulted in inappropriate treatment.

A purple top tube (anticoagulant) was recieved from the emergency department on a 24 year old man with a possible gastrointestinal bleed. A hemoglobin and hemacrit were ordered. When the sample was run through the automated instrumentation, a clot was detected. A redrawn sample was ordered, and the same thing occured again. Name the reasons.

The phlobotemy was difficult, sample was not inverted six times, or the tube could’ve been expired.

A technologist refuses to change blood splatered gloves, despite co workers telling her to change gloves. Her reasoning is because glove changes get expensive. How shound she be handled?

They are jepordizing the health of her coworkers, her own health, and need to review the saftey manuel due to her signing an agreement that she understands and complies with the saftey requirments.

What types of samples are used primarily in the clinical laboratory?

Blood and body fluids

Which parts on the microscope is/are used for focusing?

Course and fine adjusments

Which of the following is a post analytical factor?

Patient identification

The proper definition for a standard is…