DMI 410 Exam 2

what is the pharynx?

12cm long funnel shaped fibromuscular tube

what is the role of the pharynx?

acts as an opening for food and air

what is the first/top section of the pharynx?

nasopharynx

describe the nasopharynx:

behind nasal cavity, air only zone, extends down to the uvula

what is the middle/second section of the pharynx?

oropharynx

describe the oropharynx:

located at the hyoid bone, for air and food

what is the bottom/third section of the pharynx?

laryngopharynx

describe the laryngopharynx:

becomes the esophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage

where are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) located at?

roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx

where are the palatine tonsils located?

on lateral walls of oropharynx

where are the lingual tonsils located?

near the base of the tongue in the oropharynx

what are the valleculae?

pouch like openings

where are the valleculae located?

the connection point of the base of the tongue and the epiglottis

in the oropharynx, where is a common space for foreign objects to become lodged?

valleculae

where are the piriform sinuses located?

anterior walls of the laryngopharynx

what is the job of the pririform sinuses?

divret food away from the larynx

why is the hyoid bone unique?

it doesn’t attach to any other bone directly

what is the job of the hyoid bone?

act as an attachment site for muscles that assist with swallowing

what is the role of the larynx?

protect vocal chords

where does the larynx extend to?

about C3 to C6 level

what is the start of the respiratory pathway?

larynx

there are 9 cartilages in the larynx, what are they connected and controlled by?

ligaments, muscles

which anatomical structures does the larynx begin and end at?

laryngopharynx, trachea

what does it mean to be a paired cartilage?

exists as a symmetrical right and left cartilage

what does it mean to be an unpaired cartilage?

a single cartilage

what are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid

what is special about the thyroid?

unpaired cartilage, largest most superior of them

what is special about the epiglottis?

unpaired cartilage, folds back on larynx during the act of swallowing

what is special about the cricoid cartilage?

unpaired cartilage, forms rings below thyroid, and indicates the beginning of the esophagus

what are the three paired cartilages (making 6 total)?

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

what is special about the arytenoid cartilages?

paired cartilage, small, anchors vocal chord, pyramid shape

what is special about the corniculate cartilage?

paired cartilage, on top of arytenoid, reinforces the arytenoid cartilage

what is special about the cuneiform cartilage?

paired cartilage, embedded in epiglottic fold, helps support vocal chords,

what arises from the anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage?

laryngeal prominence (adams apple)

where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?

posterior

what is the esophagus?

muscular tube that allows food and liquid to get into the stomach

where does the esophagus extend to and from?

laryngopharynx down to cardiac orifice (entrance of stomach)

what is the esophageal sphincter?

prevents air from entering the esophagus

where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

anterior

what is the trachea?

flexible and sturdy air way tube

what is the trachea line with?

16-20 C-shaped cartilages anteriorly

where does the trachea begin and end

larynx, carina

what is the carina?

where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi

about what level does the main stem bronchi bifurcate at?

T5

what is the difference between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery?

the vein is large and an abnormal circle while the artery is a smaller perfect circle

what is the job of the salivary glands?

produce and empty saliva into oral cavity

what are the three large paired salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

what is special about the parotid salivary gland?

paired, largest salivary gland, mostly laterally, fatty and lobulated

what is special about the submandibular salivary gland?

paired, beneath mandible and hyoid bone

what is special about the sublingual salivary gland?

paired, smallest salivary gland, almond shaped, located underneath tongue

where are the parotid salivary glands located?

wedged between the ramus of the mandible and SCM muscle

describe the thyroid gland:

endocrine gland with two lobes, located at level of cricoid cartilage

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

T3, T4, calcitonin

describe the parathyroid glands:

2 glands on each side, sit on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

what is the job of the lymph nodes?

filter harmful particles before emptying into venous blood supply

describe lymph nodes:

small and oval shaped, located along the jaw and ears, and deep in the neck

what muscles are located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

platysma, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles

where in the anterior triangle muscles located in relation to the SCM?

medial and anterior

what muscles make up the posterior triangle of the muscles of the neck?

trapezius, splenius capitis, and scalene muscles (anterior, middle, and posterior)

where is the posterior triangle muscles of the neck located in relation to the SCM?

lateral and posterior

what does the posterior triangle muscles of the neck do?

elevates the scapula (shrug)

what separates the anterior and posterior triangle muscles of the neck?

SCM

where do the right and left common carotid arteries bifurcate at?

level of C3-C4

where does the left common carotid artery branch off from?

aortic arch

what do the external carotid arteries do?

give blood to face and neck

where does the right common carotid artery arise from?

brachiocephalic trunk

where do the right and left common carotid arteries lie in relation to the internal jugular vein?

medial

what do the right and left common carotid arteries bifurcate into?

internal and external carotid arteries

how do the vertebral arteries begin

as a branch of the subclavian artery

where are the vertebral arteries located?

in transverse foramina of C1 to C6

what do the vertebral arteries join together to form?

basilar artery

what does the basilar artery supply blood to?

posterior aspect of the brain

describe the internal jugular vein:

largest vascular structure of the neck, lateral to common carotid artery

what is the job of the internal jugular vein?

drain blood from brain and superficial parts of the face and neck

what is the job of the bony thorax?

protects thorax organs and aids in respiration - moves with each breath

what does the bony thorax consist of?

12 T vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages

how many pairs of ribs are in the bony thorax and where do they launch from?

12 pairs, launch from T vertebrae

what is the costovertebral joint?

head of the rib attaches to the body of the vertebra

what is the costotransverse joint?

tubercle of the rib attaches to the transverse process of the vertebra

what structure does the ribs consist of?

head, neck, tubercle, body

which ribs are considered the true ribs?

1-7

which ribs are considered the false ribs?

8-12

which ribs are considered the floating ribs (only connect to vertebrae)?

11-12

what does the sternum consist of ?

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

describe the manubrium:

top/superior, contains jugular notch, meets body at T2-T3 level, connects to first two ribs

describe the body of the sternum:

in the middle

describe the xiphoid process

bottom/most inferior part

what is the pleura?

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities

what is the purpose of the pleura?

provide lubrication between the surfaces

describe the parietal pleura:

outer layer, continuous with thoracic wall and diaphragm

describe the visceral layer:

directly covers lungs surface, continues into fissures to cover each lobe of the lung

how many lobes does the left lung have?

2 - superior and inferior

what separates the two left lung lobes?

oblique fissure

how many lobes does the right lung have?

3 - superior, middle, and inferior

what does the horizontal fissure seperate?

superior and middle lobe of lung

what is the hilum of the lungs?

opening/passageway for vessels

what are the lungs made of?

parenchyma

what is the apex of the lung?

most superior portion

what is the base of the lung?

flat bottom of the lung, sits on top of the diaphragm

what is the costophrenic angles of the lung?

most inferior and lateral part of the lung, pointy corners