North America Before European Contact

Part 1, Section 1 of 5081 PRAXIS Test

Iroquois + Algonquin

major Native American societies of the Northeast (eastern Great Lake region)

Iroquois Tribes (5)

Seneca
Cayuga
Oneida
Mohawk
Onondaga

Sixth Nation

Tuscarora

Hiawatha

NE leader: co-founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, known for uniting tribes into the Five Nations then Six Nations

Agriculture and Architecture (AA)

Iroquois became known for these (2) innovations through three sisters farming, maize, and longhouses (FML)

Three Sisters

Maize, beans, and squash cohabitate in this Iroquois method of natural pest/element protections and fertilization/nitrogenizing

Algonquin

distinct group/language that resided in modern Quebec + Great Lakes region

Christianity

French colonizers developed relationships with Algonquin, going on to convert many to

Fur trade

As Algonquin developed their ______, so did their relationship with French colonizers and rivalries with Iroquois

Midwestern

Kickapoo
Lenape
Miami
Shawnee
and other Algonquin-speaking tribes resided in the _________ region

Northwest Confederacy

united front of Algonquin/KLMS (Midwestern) tribes in resistance of United States’ early westward expansion

Shawnee

based in Ohio Valley, extending into GA and Carolinas

Matrilineal

While socially Shawnee and Lenape were ________, Shawnee had male-only kingship and property rights/inheritance

Lenape

originally in New York + Jersey and the Delaware Valley, they (Shawnee’s “grandfather” tribe) were forced west during European colonization

Kickapoo

Great Lake region origins, semi-nomadic through modern Indiana + Wisconsin

Miami

moved from Wisconsin to Ohio Valley region where settling to farm maize and participate in growing fur trade, spreading Algonquin language

Southeastern

Cherokee
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Creek/Muscogee

Muscogee Confederacy

all largely descended from Mississippian cultures, Creek joined this alliance of tribes across AL/GA/FL/SC under US threat to tribal sovereignty

Mississippi Mound Builders

created still-present ground structures thought to be remains of tombs or temple bases

Cherokee

hunters and farmers, only Iroquois-speaking of the Southeastern tribes/Muscogee Confederacy (who otherwise spoke similar languages)

Great Plains

Cheyenne
Apache
Comanche
Arapaho
Sioux

buffalo

seminomadic Great Plains tribes relied on hunting _______ for food and materials, utilizing horses after European contact

Southwestern

Ancestral Pueblo/Anasazi
Navajo

Navajo

descending from the Ancestral Pueblo/Anasazi, they continued their practices while expanding territory

stone construction

built across the Four Corners, Ancestral Pueblo and descendant Navajo are still known for their feats in ______ ___________ across current Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah

pastoralism

herding/care of animals practiced by the seminomadic Navajo

hogans

East-facing (sunrise) semi-permanent homes where the anti-hierarchical (comparatively) Navajo lived

Pacific Northwestern

Coast Salish
Chinook
Totem poles

fishing

Canoeing Northwestern tribes’ main sustenance source

Coast Salish

dominated Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula

Chinook

dominated Columbia River coasts