Studied by 3 people
How did Hitler create a police state using fear
SS- private police force used in the Night of the Long Knives, In charge of all police and security services so were above the law
SD- Kept card indexes of everyone suspected of opposing the Party at home and abroad
Gestapo- Own clothed police so people cautious of what they said and did as they were being watched, also tapped telephones and intercepted letters to gather info.
Concentration camps- First one opened in Dachau,1933 and ran by SA and SS. Imprisoned opposition, minority groups (Jews), and undesirables (gays and prostitutes)
How did Nazis control the Legal system
Judges had to be part of National Socialist League for Maintenance of Law
Judges decided innocence and punishment (abolished trial by Jury)
Set up Peopleâs court to hear all cases of treason
Judges picked by Hitler
No right to appeal verdict
How did Nazis control the Religion
Catholic church- priests harassed and arrested, Catholic schools and youth activities banned
Protestant Church- Pastors who supported Hitler were allowed to continue, Protected from communism, formed the Reich church
How did Nazis control the Media
Published views the ministry agreed with
Journalists given guidelines to follow
Briefings with government on what youâre allowed to show
Radios broadcasted Nazi propaganda, Hitler often broadcasted himself
Cheap, mass-produced radios given to everyone to hear propaganda
Short range so couldnât access foreign stations
How did Nazis use rallies and sports to establish control
Rallies held yearly to show unity
Surrounded by spotlights to highlight supporters and Nazi decorations everywhere
Olympic stadium built to hold 110k people and decorated with Nazi propaganda
Hosted Olympics to show German strength internationally
How did the Youth oppose Nazi regime
Edelweiss Pirates- rejected strict control and ideology of Hitler Youth, Distributed anti-nazi propaganda, armed resistance and beat up Hitler Youth on a small scale, 4/10 effectiveness
Swing Youth- Sought to create own cultural space that celebrated freedom, listened to banned music and wore non-conforming clothing, Did very little so 3/10 effectiveness
How did the Church oppose Nazi regime
Pastors Emergency League- Wanted religious freedom and didnât want Nazis controlling church as they didnât uphold Christian values.
Confessing Church- Found in 1934 and rejected idea of merging Christianity with Nazi principles. 6/10 effectiveness
Martin Niemoller- Initially supported Hitler but affirmed independence of Church by creating PEL in 1933 and Confessing Church in 1934
What were Nazi policies on appearance for women
Never created legislation that forced them to look certain way but was encouraged
Encouraged modest clothing with hair tied back in plaits or a bun
Discouraged from dyeing hair and wearing makeup
What were Nazi policies on employment for women
Reduced number of women in work by propaganda- tried to persuade women to behave differently
Speeches encouraged women to leave work
1933- Women banned from professional posts such as teachers, doctors and civil servants (360k not in work)
1936- Women couldnât become a judge or lawyer
What were Nazi policies on education for women
Schoolgirls trained for motherhood, not work
Taught housework and other domestic tasks
Grammar schools closed in 1937 which prepared them for university
Number of female students starting higher education dropped from 17k to 6k by 1939
What were Nazi policies on the family for women
Law for encouragement of marriage- Loans up to 1000 marks for young couples to marry if wife stopped work. Every child born meant 250 marks paid off so encouraged childbirth
Lebensborn- Provided nurseries and financial aid for women who had children with SS men. Encouraged breeding with SS men for âgenetically pure âchildren
Motherâs cross- medals given to women for how much children they had. Bronze- 4/5 Silver- 6/7 and Gold- 8+, Hitler Godfather of 10th child
What were Nazi policies on male children
Joined Young Folk at 6 and Hitler Youth at 14
Taught marching, bayonet drill, grenade throwing etc
Designed to mould youth characters, stressing need for comradeship and loyalty
Political training important so they believed in Nazi ideals
Made compulsory joining in 1939
What were Nazi policies on Female children
Joined Young Girls at 10 and League of German maidens at 14
Shown how to be good housewives and mothers through learning household skills
Promoted ideas of keeping Germans pure by only marrying Aryan men
Made compulsory joining in 1939
What was education in Nazi Germany like
Altered to reflect Nazi ideology and aims.
Fitness believed to be vital so students often had 2 hrs a day. Students taught to worship Hitler
Race studies- students learnt Aryan a superior race, âFactsâ about how Aryan brains are bigger and how Jews and other races inferior
History- Taught about German victories and heroes, Modern history taught anti-semitism eg. how Jews caused the Wall Street crash
Biology- Learnt about âworthy and unworthyâ races, breeding, hereditary diseases, measured if theyâre Aryan
How did Nazis deal with unemployment?
Labour Service- Compulsory programs requiring young men to work on public projects. 422k working in 1935
Rearmament- Introduced conscription and established air force. 72K working in aircraft construction in 1935
Public works- Spending increased to 38 billion marks in 1938 (20 bil+), 125k men employed building motorways
Women and Jews forced to give up work so didnât count as unemployed
How did Living standards improve under Nazis?
+KdF- provided leisure activities for workers so they found work more enjoyable and make nation stronger
+Employment- Most of the working force employed so living standards naturally increased
-Working hours increased to 49 hrs a week from 43
-Prices of goods rose by 20% between 1933-39
How were Jews punished in Nazi Germany
1933- Banned from government jobs and inheriting land and swimming pools
1935- Jews banned from the army
Nuremberg laws 1935- no longer considered German citizens and had to wear yellow star, Forbade German relationships with Jews
Kristallnacht, 9th Nov 1938- Nationwide attack on Jews where property burnt and Jews physically attacked, Police told to do nothing so 191 synagogues, 814 shops, 171 homes destroyed, 100 Jews killed
20k Jews sent to concentration camps and Jews fined 1 billion marks
How were other minority groups treated in Nazi Germany
Slavs- Slavs labelled as Subhuman, Threatened to invade slav countries
Gays- Would be sent to concentration camps if caught, encouraged voluntary castration
Disabled people- Were sterilised if disabled in any way, Disabled children would be killed by starvation or injection
âGypsiesâ- Often sent to conc. camps but from 1936, forced to live in special camps which werenât fit for life, 1938- banned from travelling in groups and had to register as gypsies, 1939- all gypsies deported
What were the studies of Eugenics and Racial Hygiene
Eugenics- Selective breeding, used theory of evolution to produce âbetter humansâ, âUnsuitablesâ sterilised
Racial Hygiene- Only allowed to breed with those of the same race, Passed laws to prevent mixed-race marriage to keep races pure
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