Module 2- Movement and Supporting Systems

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subatomic particles

(protons, neutrons, electrons), which make up atoms

molecules

Atoms group together to form molecules

organelles

Molecules make up organelles, which are small cellular structures that perform specific functions within the human cell

ORGAN SYSTEMS:

A group of organs working together to perform biological functions

organism

organ systems, as a collective, comprise the organism t

how many organ systems does the human body have?

The body has 11 organ systems operating to keep us alive and healthy.

which organ systems in the human body are responsible for movement?

skeletal, muscular, nervous

nervous system

consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and is responsible for controlling the voluntary (conscious or deliberate) and involuntary (automatic) functions of the body and the mind.

NERVOUS TISSUE:

Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that coordinates body activities.

plays a key role in the nervous system’s ability to sense, analyze and interpret information, and respond appropriately

There are three types of nervous tissue:

neurons, neuroglia, neurosectory tissue

NEURONS:

The most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system capable of transmitting information to and from other neurons, muscles, or glands

3 types of neurons:

sensort, motor, interneurons

Sensory neurons

send information to the brain and spinal cord in response to tactile (sense of touch), auditory, or visual stimuli.

Motor neurons

receive information from the brain or spinal cord to produce muscular contractions or activate glands.

Interneurons

connect neurons to other neurons often communicating signals between motor and sensory neuron

how do neurons communicate?

They communicate with chemical messengers across a synapse, or neural junction, which is the site where the message is relayed from one neuron to the next

3 main components of a neuron

cell body, axon, dendrites

CELL BODY:

The core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function.

AXON:

The thin tail-like structure of a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impulses

DENDRITES:

Rootlike structures branching out from the cell body that receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons.

NEUROGLIA/GLIAL CELLS:

Cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation

Neurosecretory tissues:

translate neural signals into chemical stimuli.

neurohormones

hormones produced and released by nerve cells, that are released into the bloodstream by neurosectory tissue

(CNS)

the central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the control center of the body and mind. The CNS receives sensory input and functions to organize, analyze, and process information

(PNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all of the other nervous tissue outside of the CNS, including all the cranial and spinal nerves that run throughout the body. The PNS is responsible for conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS and regulating involuntary functions.

CEREBRUM:

The uppermost and largest part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body

The cerebral cortex

is the outer portion of the cerebrum and is where most information processing happens.

DECUSSATION:

The point of crossover of the nervous system in vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord

The frontal lobe

is at the front of the brain and is involved in motor control, emotion, and language

MOTOR CORTEX:

The region of the frontal lobe that plans and coordinates movement

PREFRONTAL CORTEX:

The part of the frontal lobe responsible for high-level thinking and language.

PARIETAL LOBE:

The brain lobe involved in processing sensory information

SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX:

the region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing sensations like pain, temperature, and touch

TEMPORAL LOBE:

The lateral lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, memory, and emotion

AUDITORY CORTEX:

The region of the temporal lobe responsible for hearing.

OCCIPITAL LOBE:

The posterior lobe of the brain responsible for vision.

VISUAL CORTEX:

the specific region of the occipital lobe responsible for sight and visual perception

The cerebellum

is positioned below the cerebrum and controls conscious motor coordination.

BRAIN STEM:

The trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord

4 lobes of the brain:

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

MIDBRAIN:

The brain region responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information

The pons

links the medulla oblongata to the thalamus and helps control sleep, breathing, facial expression and movement, and posture

THALAMUS:

The brain region responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals and regulating consciousness

MEDULLA OBLONGATA:

The base of the brain stem, responsible for involuntary functions like swallowing, sneezing, and heart function

what does the left hemisphere of the brain control

right side functions, math, language, science, logic and processing

what does the right hemisphere of the brain control

left side functions, creativity, spacial perception, intuition

The hypothalamus

plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis

homeostasis

or the body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes, including pH (measure of acidity or alkalinity), temperature, blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, and blood pressure

SPINAL CORD:

The neural tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region (lower back) of the vertebral column

It is the connection point between the brain and the body—all nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord to and from the brain.

vertebrae

(bones of the spine)

meninges

(membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord)

cerebrospinal fluid

(fluid that acts as a cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord)

The myelin sheath

made of fats and proteins around the axon of a neuron insulates the pathway (much like the insulation around electrical wire) and increases the speed at which impulses are sent and received.

CRANIAL NERVES:

the 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain

how many cranial nerves are there

12

how many spinal nerves are there

31

spinal nerves

extend from the CNS to the peripheral organs and muscle

what part of the nervous system controls reflexes

spinal chord

• Ganglia

• are structures containing collections of bodies of nerve cells.

  • They act as a relay for nerve signals, where nerves enter and deliver a signal while another nerve within the ganglia receives the signal and moves that signal on from the ganglia to the next site

types of vertabrae

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

how many types of vertabrae are there

5

AFFERENT NEURONS:

Sensory neurons sending information from a stimulus to the CNS

EFFERENT NEURONS:

Motor neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement.

2 PNS divisions

The PNS is divided into two divisions: the sensory division and the motor division.

• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

• The part of the nervous system responsible for involuntary functions and movement

  • such as cardiac function, breathing, and digestion

The sympathetic nervous system

is activated by stress-related activities and is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” system because it elevates heart rate and increases cellular metabolism (energy use)

the parasympathetic nervous system

is associated with control of the body systems while at rest. The parasympathetic nervous system is often described as “rest and digest” as it slows the heart rate and controls digestion

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

The part of the nervous system in charge of controlling voluntary movement.

mechanoreceptors

sensory input from receptors known as mechanoreceptors transmit information via the somatic nervous system to control voluntary movement

types of mechanoreceptors

• Tactile receptors

• Proprioceptors:

• Baroreceptors

• Tactile receptors:

collect and communicate sensations of touch.

• Proprioceptors:

• communicate the position of the body and movement.

• Baroreceptors:

• : collect and communicate changes in blood pressure

what kind of axons are mechanoreceptors

low threshold axons

Low-threshold axons

are typically large, conduct faster, and are easier to stimulate electrically. In other words, they are sensitive to stimuli and send rapid feedback to the CNS.

High-threshold axons

conduct more slowly and are less sensitive to electrical stimulus

sensory input

Collectively, the information the body receives for processing, whether internal or external, is called sensory input

internal stimuli

are changes happening inside the body, including changes in internal temperature, pH (acidity or alkalinity), carbon dioxide concentration, or electrolyte levels

External stimuli

messages from outside the body, may include fluctuations in environmental temperature, light, or sound.

PROPRIOCEPTION:

Perception or awareness of body movement or position

NERVE IMPULSES:

The electrical signals used for nerve communication

SENSORY INTEGRATION:

The way the brain works to affect responses to neural input.

• motor function

• When sensory input has been integrated by the CNS, efferent signals are sent to the tissues of the body to, for example, generate a muscle contraction or secrete a hormone. These actions are known as motor function

  • Motor function includes both voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions.

MOTOR UNIT:

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A motor unit pool

describes a group of motor units that work in conjunction to cause muscle action

MECHANICAL WORK:

The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance

EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS:

The standard skeletal muscle fibers involved in creating mechanical work.

innervate

supply with nerves

• alpha motor neurons.

the neurons that innervate EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS:

These neurons originate in the brain stem and spinal cord and work specifically to initiate muscle contractions

EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING:

The physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response

action potential

• nerve impulse sent to skeletal muscle fibers

  • The action potential causes an interaction between a motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers

• ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE:

• ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE: The principle stating the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved

  • For example, performing a bicep curl with a 5-pound weight, an external stimulus, would initiate a response from the nervous system to fire as many motor neurons needed to lift the 5-pound weight. If the 5-pound weight were to be exchanged for a 10-pound weight, the nervous system response would need to recruit additional motor neurons in order to lift the additional weight. All recruited motor neurons fire at a maximal strength, regardless of the number recruited

what are the three types of muscle tissue

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

• Cardiac muscle tissue

• (striated involuntary muscle tissue) composes the wall of the heart.

  • It functions to contract the heart and pump blood throughout the body.

what kind of muscle fatigues first

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle/visceral muscle

• Certain organs and organ systems in the body need to contract to push food or other
  substances around the body. Smooth muscle, sometimes called visceral muscle, makes up most of these organs.

  • These muscle tissues contract slowly, operate involuntarily, and do
    not fatigue easily

• Skeletal muscle

• (striated voluntary muscle tissue) is found attached to bones, in extrinsic eyeball muscles, and in the upper third portion of the esophagus (tube that connects the throat to the stomach)

  • Skeletal muscles are the most common muscle type in the human body.

  • This tissue functions to move the bones and eyes. It also moves food during the first part of swallowing.

  • Characteristically, skeletal muscle tissue fatigues easily and cannot sustain prolonged maximal-effort contractions

  • muscle tissue controls ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING

• ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING:

• The tasks usually performed in the course of a normal day in a person’s life, such as eating, toileting, dressing, bathing, or brushing the teeth

connective tissue

(Tissue that supports, connects, or binds other tissues or organs

Muscle fibers

are the individual cells making up the muscle