test 3

What are the main reasons many Americans postpone or avoid marriage?

To pursue education, careers, financial stability, personal growth, or because they value independence.

What is matrimony?

The legal and social institution of marriage.

What is one macro-level factor that affects marriage decisions?

The economy; financial insecurity and unemployment often delay marriage.

Why has cohabitation increased?

It is more socially accepted, allows couples to test compatibility, provides financial benefits, and delays marriage.

What is cohabitation?

Two unmarried people living together in an intimate relationship.

What are involuntary stable singles?

People who want to marry but have accepted they are likely to remain single because they cannot find a suitable partner or face other barriers.

What are voluntary temporary singles?

People who choose to remain single for now but plan to marry later.

What are voluntary stable singles?

People who choose to remain single permanently.

Why do many Americans choose to live alone?

They value independence, privacy, and freedom.

What is another reason people choose to live alone?

They have the financial resources to support themselves independently.

What is dating cohabitation?

Living together without plans for marriage, mainly for companionship or convenience.

What is premarital cohabitation?

Living together before marriage as preparation for marriage.

What is trial marriage?

Cohabitation used to determine whether a couple is compatible for marriage.

What is serial cohabitation?

Living with multiple partners over time without long-term commitment.

Jose lives with several women over time without wanting marriage. What type of cohabitation is this?

Serial cohabitation (dating cohabitation).

What challenges do gay and lesbian couples commonly face?

Discrimination and lack of family acceptance.

What additional challenge may same-sex couples of color experience?

Racial discrimination in addition to discrimination based on sexual orientation.

How does marriage change over the life course?

Couples adjust to changing roles, children, careers, aging, retirement, and health issues.

What are the most common topics couples argue about?

Money, housework, sex, fidelity, children, and social media.

How do healthy couples manage conflict?

Through communication, active listening, compromise, and problem-solving.

What is marital stability?

The likelihood that a marriage remains intact rather than ending in divorce.

What is marital satisfaction?

The degree to which spouses feel happy and fulfilled in their marriage.

What is a passive-congenial marriage?

A marriage with little emotional closeness where spouses stay together because of responsibilities, habit, or convenience.

Kenneth and Carla stay together only for their children after growing apart. What type of marriage do they have?

Passive-congenial marriage.

What are the functions of an engagement?

It announces the intention to marry, strengthens commitment, and provides time to prepare for marriage.

What is self-disclosure?

Sharing personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences with another person.

When is self-disclosure most beneficial?

When it results in esteem support, informational support, instrumental support, and motivational support.

What is esteem support?

Support that increases confidence and reduces anxiety through understanding and acceptance.

What is informational support?

Advice, guidance, and useful information.

What is instrumental support?

Practical or tangible help.

What is motivational support?

Encouragement and reassurance that helps a person cope.

What is companionship?

Spending enjoyable time together and sharing activities.

Why do many couples cohabit before marriage?

To test compatibility and prepare for married life.

What is emotional intimacy?

A close emotional bond characterized by trust, openness, and affection.

What contributes to marital satisfaction?

Communication, commitment, trust, intimacy, and effective conflict resolution.

What can reduce marital satisfaction?

Poor communication, unresolved conflict, financial stress, and lack of intimacy.

Why is communication important in marriage?

It helps couples solve problems, express feelings, and strengthen their relationship.

What are the main benefits of parenthood?

Emotional fulfillment, love, stronger sense of identity, personal growth, and satisfaction from raising children.

What are the main costs of parenthood?

Financial expenses, stress, less free time, career sacrifices, role strain, and emotional demands.

What is abortion?

The expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, either naturally (miscarriage) or medically induced.

What is infertility?

The inability to become pregnant after trying for one year.

What are the two main causes of infertility?

Male factors, female factors, a combination of both, or unknown (idiopathic) causes.

How do many couples react to infertility?

With grief, stress, guilt, anxiety, frustration, and relationship strain.

What are common infertility treatments?

Fertility drugs, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and surrogacy.

What is adoption?

Legally taking a child into a family and raising them as one’s own.

What is an open adoption?

Biological and adoptive families share information and maintain contact.

What is a closed adoption?

Records are sealed, and there is little or no contact between biological and adoptive families.

What is a semi-open adoption?

Communication occurs through a third party, such as an attorney or caseworker.

What is transracial adoption?

An adoption in which the child and adoptive parents are of different races or ethnicities.

What are some joys of pregnancy?

Excitement, preparing for a child, stronger family bonds, and feeling the baby move.

What are common challenges of pregnancy?

Nausea, fatigue, anxiety, financial concerns, and physical discomfort.

What is a role?

A set of expected behaviors, responsibilities, and privileges.

What is role overload?

Feeling overwhelmed by multiple responsibilities.

What is role conflict?

Stress caused by incompatible expectations between two or more roles.

What is role strain?

Stress experienced within a single role because of competing demands.

What are four causes of parents’ role strain?

Unrealistic expectations, decreased authority, increased responsibility, and high parenting standards.

What is postpartum depression (PPD)?

A serious form of depression that can occur after childbirth and requires medical treatment.

What are the four major child development theories?

Mead’s Social Self Theory, Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, and Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory.

What is Mead’s theory of the social self?

Children develop their sense of self through social interaction and role-taking.

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

What happens during the sensorimotor stage?

Children learn through their senses and develop object permanence.

What happens during the preoperational stage?

Children use language and symbols but struggle to understand others’ perspectives.

What happens during the concrete operational stage?

Children think logically, understand cause and effect, and recognize conservation.

What happens during the formal operational stage?

Adolescents develop abstract and hypothetical thinking.

What are Erikson’s eight stages?

Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair.

What is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory?

Development is influenced by interactions among the child, family, community, culture, and environment over time.

What is a parenting style?

A parent’s general approach to raising and disciplining children.

What are the four parenting styles?

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and uninvolved.

What is authoritarian parenting?

Low warmth, high control; strict rules and little discussion.

What is permissive parenting?

High warmth, low control; few rules or expectations.

What is authoritative parenting?

High warmth, high control; supportive while setting clear expectations.

What is uninvolved parenting?

Low warmth, low control; little supervision or involvement.

Which parenting style is considered most effective?

Authoritative parenting.

Why is authoritative parenting considered most effective?

It promotes confidence, responsibility, academic success, and healthy social development.

What is verbal punishment?

Yelling, insulting, threatening, or using psychological aggression to discipline a child.

What is corporal punishment?

Physical punishment such as spanking, slapping, or hitting to correct behavior.

Does corporal punishment work?

It may stop behavior temporarily but is linked to long-term aggression, mental health problems, anxiety, depression, and future violence.

What are better alternatives to corporal punishment?

Clear rules, consistency, positive reinforcement, reasoning, time-outs, removing privileges, and modeling appropriate behavior.

How does socioeconomic status affect parenting?

Lower-SES families often experience greater financial stress and role strain, while higher-SES families generally have more resources and opportunities.

What are effective discipline strategies?

Show love, be consistent, communicate clearly, understand problem behaviors, be patient, create a safe environment, and use positive reinforcement instead of physical punishment.