chem exam 1 (pt 4)

when can we use small x-approximation

big initial concenrations, small K value

Qc>Kc in ICE table problem

reactants have +, products have -

Qc<Kc in ICE table problem

reactants have -, products have +

Arrhenius bases

produces OH-

bronstead-lowry acid

donates acid, must contain H in it’s formula

bronstead-lowry base

accepts H+ ion, must contain lone pair of electrons to bind to H+

acid-base reaction

when one species donates proton and other accepts it, proton transfer process

amphiprotic species

can act as an acid and base

how to identify amphiprotic species

molecule or ion that can both donate and accept hydrogen

strong acid conditions

more dissociation, weaker conjugate base, easily lose H+

strong base conditions

more dissociation, weaker conjugate acid, easily lose H-

what direction is favored in acid/base reaction

one with weaker series

stronger acid donates more

weaker acid prevails

stronger base accepts more

weaker base prevails

Kc>1

reaction goes to right (towards weaker series)

Kc<1

reaction goes to left(towards weaker series)

[H₃O⁺] and [OH^-] relationship

inversely proportional

what do amphiporotic substances have

H+ and lone pairs

what is Kc for autoionization of water

Kw

Kw=

1×10^-14

[H₃O⁺]*[OH^-] =

Kw (1×10^-14)

pH=

-log[H₃O⁺]

[H₃O⁺]=

10^-pH

are pH and pOH inversely proportional

no

pOH=

-log[OH^-]

[OH^-]=

10^-pOH

14=

pH+pOH

strong acids

hydrohalides,oxoacids

hydrohalides

HCl, HBr, HI

oxoacids

number of O atoms exceeds number of ionizable protons by two or more

identify a base

has a lone pair and produces OH- in a reaction

pOH of bases vs acids

basic solutions have lower pOH than acid solutions

low pKa=

high pH, strong acid

arrehenius acid definition

hydrogen-containing aqueous compound that dissociates in water to form H+ ions

arrehenius base definition

compound that increases the OH− ion concentration in aqueous solution

determine strength of bases

more lone pairs, moving right across a table decreases basicness

what to watch out for with net ionic eqs

check strength of acid to see if it will fully dissociate into ions or not

does water fully dissociate in net ionic eqs

no

strong oxoacids

HNO₃, HClO₄, H₂SO₄

strong bases

group I metals (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ca(OH)₂)